1. ANATOMICAL TERMS AND POSITIONS Term 2

2. Anatomy The study of the structures of the body

3. Gross Anatomy Study of features of the body or organs that can be seen with the naked eye.

4. Physiology The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body

5. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION Upright position with arms down at the side and palms forward, face front, and feet parallel Person is facing you, his right is your left

6. The Body Planes Imaginary vertical or horizontal lines used to divide the body into section for descriptive purposes

7. TRANSVERSE PLANE as the horizon An imaginary horizontal line that divides the body into top and bottom halves Superior refers to anything located above or higher Inferior refers to anything located below the line

8. SAGITTAL PLANE From front to back dividing the body into left and right Medial – refers to anything located toward the midline Lateral – refers to anything away from the midline AKA – Median Plane

9. CORONAL PLANE An imaginary line that divides the body into front and back parts Anterior (ventral) – refers to anything in the front or toward the belly Posterior (dorsal) – refers to anything in the back section – think dorsal fin AKA – Frontal Plane

10. BODY CAVITIES Dorsal and ventral Two main cavities

11. DORSAL CAVITY Cranial Cavity – contains the skull Spinal Cavity – contains the spinal cord

12. VENTRAL CAVITY Thoracic Cavity – aka the chest, contains the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels Abdominal cavity – Contains the organs of digestion. Diaphragm- separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity

13. PELVIC CAVITY INGUINAL Contains the reproductive organs and excretory system. Refers to the groin which is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh.

14. OTHER BODY CAVITIES Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Orbital Cavity Nasal Cavity Buccal Cavity

15. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS Lets stop and identify the organs in quadrants

16. NINE REGION METHOD

17. REVIEW What Plane? TRANSVERSE Above the line? SUPERIOR Below the line? INFERIOR

18. What Plane? SAGITTAL Toward the midline? MEDIAL Away from the midline? LATERAL

19. What Plane? CORONAL Toward the belly or in front? ANTERIOR (ventral) Toward the back or in the back section? POSTERIOR (dorsal)

20. WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL POSITION? Standing so the body is erect Facing forward Holding the arms at the sides Turning hands with the palms toward the front The patient is facing you…. So his right is your?

21. MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS

22. The human body… A single structure made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds

23. CELLS The simplest units of living matter. Can maintain life and reproduce themselves. Key terms: Cytology Cytoplasm Stem cells Somatic stem cells Embryonic stem cells Chromosomes DNA

24. TISSUES More complex than cells. A tissue is an organization of many cells working together for a similar function. Key Terms: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue

25. ORGANS An organization of several different kinds of tissues. They are arranged so they can perform a special function.

26. SYSTEMS An organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs. They are arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body. The 13 major system are…

27. Skeletal System Major Functions: Supports and shapes the body. Protects internal organs. Forms some blood cells and stores minerals. Major Structures: Bones Joints Cartilage

28. Muscular System Major Functions: Holds the body erect. Makes movement possible. Generates body heat. Major Structures: Muscles Tendons

29. Cardiovascular System Major Functions: Blood circulates throughout body. Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells. Major Structures: Heart Arteries Veins Blood

30. Lymphatic and Immune System Major Functions: Protects the body from harmful substances. Brings oxygen and nutrients to cells Removes waste from cells. Major Structures: Lymph nodes Tonsils spleen

31. Respiratory System Major Functions: Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. Removes carbon dioxide and waste from body. Major Structures: Nose, pharynx Lungs

32. Digestive System Major Functions: Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. Eliminates solid wastes. Major Structures: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines

33. Urinary System Major Functions: Filters blood to remove waste. Major Structures: Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

34. Nervous System Major Functions: Coordinates the reception of stimuli. Transmits messages throughout the body. Major Structures: Nerves Brain Spinal cord

35. Special Senses Major Functions: Receive visual and auditory information. Transmits information to the brain. Major Structures: Eyes Ears

36. Integumentary System Major Functions: Protects the body against invasion of bacteria. Regulates the body temperature. Major Structures: Skin Sweat glands

37. Endocrine System Major Functions: Integrates all body functions. Major Structures: Adrenals Gonads Pancreas Thymus Pituitary

38. Reproductive System Major Functions: Produces new life. Major Structures: Male:penis, testicles Female: Vagina, ovaries, uterus

39. Pathology vs Etiology Pathology is the study of the nature and cause of disease that involves change in structure and function. Etiology is the study of the cause of disease.

40. DISEASE TRANSMISSION What is a pathogen? What is contamination? Identify ways that diseases are transmitted:

41. DISEASE OUTBREAK Endemic: Epidemic: Pandemic:

42. LETS LOOK AT SOME OF THE DISEASE AND DISORDERS LISTED IN THE CHAPTER.

43. Student Workbook Learning Exercises Answer Key © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

44. Chapter 2 Answers Matching Word Parts 1 2.1. adip/o 2.2. anter/o 2.3. aden/o 2.4. -ologist 2.5. -ology Matching Word Parts 2 2.6. cyt/o 2.7. cephal/o 2.8. caud/o 2.9. exo- 2.10. endo-

45. Chapter 2 Answers Matching Word Parts 3 2.11. poster/o 2.12. -stasis 2.13. path/o 2.14. -plasia 2.15. hist/o Definitions 2.16.nosocomial infection 2.17. dominant gene 2.18. abdominal cavity 2.19. medial 2.20. adult stem

46. Chapter 2 Answers Definitions 2.21. phenylketonuria 2.22. adenitis 2.23. parietal peritoneum 2.24. gene 2.25. histology

47. Chapter 2 Answers Matching Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen 2.26. epigastric region 2.27. umbilicus region 2.28. hypochondriac region 2.29. hypogastric region 2.30. iliac region

48. Chapter 2 Answers Which Word? 2.31. inguinal 2.32. genetics 2.33. epidemiologist 2.34. exocrine glands 2.35. inferior Spelling Counts 2.36. mesentery 2.37. hemophilia 2.38. hypertrophy 2.39. epithelial 2.40. anomaly

49. Chapter 2 Answers Matching Pathology of Tissue Formation 2.41. dysplasia 2.42. anaplasia 2.43. hyperplasia 2.44. hypoplasia 2.45. aplasia Term Selection 2.46. proximal 2.47. posterior 2.48. frontal 2.49. midsagittal 2.50. distal

50. Chapter 2 Answers Sentence Completion 2.51. Down syndrome 2.52. physiology 2.53. thoracic 2.54. iatrogenic 2.55. chromosomes Word Surgery 2.56. aden, -ectomy 2.57. endo-, -crine 2.58. hist, -ologist 2.59. retro-, periton, -eal 2.60. path, -ologist

51. Chapter 2 Answers Word Surgery 2.61. eti-, -ology 2.62. home/o -stasis 2.63. pan-, dem, -ic 2.64. epi-, gastr, -ic 2.65. idi/o, path, -ic Clinical Conditions 2.66. epidemic 2.67. functional 2.68. bloodborne 2.69. cytology 2.70. vector-borne

52. Chapter 2 Answers Clinical Conditions 2.71. quadrant 2.72. waterborne 2.73. pelvic 2.74. peritonitis 2.75. geneticist

53. Chapter 2 Answers 2.76. iliac 2.77. genome 2.78. adenocarcinoma 2.79. loose 2.80. fetal alcohol syndrome

54. Chapter 2 Answers Challenge Word Building 2.81. myoplasty 2.82. myalgia 2.83. gastrosis 2.84. laryngitis 2.85. myectomy 2.86. gastralgia 2.87. laryngectomy 2.88. nephrosis 2.89. neuroplasty 2.90. nephritis

55. Chapter 2 Answers Labeling Exercises 2.91. hypochondriac 2.92. umbilical 2.93. hypogastric 2.94. lumbar 2.95. iliac 2.96. midsagittal 2.97. anterior 2.98. lateral 2.99. posterior 2.100. frontal