1. US HISTORY Chapter 14 North and South 1820-1860

2. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North Industrialization Industrialization New England remained the industrial center of the nation Elias Howe Elias Howe (1846) – invented the sewing machine...greatly impacted the textile industry

3. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North Transportation Transportation Canals and steamboats were still being improved Clipper ships Clipper ships – new sailing ships developed in 1840s...cut the time from US to GB in half

4. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North Transportation Transportation Peter Cooper Peter Cooper (1830) – built the first American steam locomotive called the Tom Thumb Railways were growing very fast (especially in the north) 1840 – 3,000 miles 1850 – 9,000 miles 1860 – 30,000 miles

5. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North Communication Communication Samuel Morse Samuel Morse Developed the telegraph...first message sent b/w Washington, DC & Baltimore in 1844 Morse Code Also developed Morse Code – a communication system for the telegraph that uses dots & dashes to represent letters By 1852, there were about 23,000 miles of telegraph wire in the US

6. Lesson 1 – The Industrial North Agriculture Agriculture John Deere John Deere – developed the first steel-tipped plow in 1837 Cyrus McCormick Cyrus McCormick – developed the mechanical reaper

7. Lesson 2 – People of the North Factory Conditions Factory Conditions Long work days and unsafe machinery led to on-the- job accidents No laws existed to protect workers Attempts to Organize Attempts to Organize Workers began to form labor unions strikes Unions used strikes to put pressure on employers to improve conditions Women were usually not allowed to join unions so they sometimes tried to form their own...these were usually ignored by management/government

8. Lesson 2 – People of the North Immigration Immigration Immigration increased dramatically b/w 1840-1860 Largest group was from Ireland – came b/c of the Irish Potato Famine Second largest group was from Germany...many of these moved to the Midwest German immigrants were mostly Catholic...faced prejudice from many people

9. Lesson 2 – People of the North Nativists Nativists Some Americans didn’t like the impact/change immigrants were having on the US Nativists Nativists – people opposed to immigration

10. Lesson 2 – People of the North Nativists Nativists Believed that immigrants were taking jobs away from Americans, were angry that immigrants would work for lower wages, and felt that immigrants were bringing crime & disease to the US

11. Lesson 2 – People of the North Nativists Nativists Eventually formed the American Party (“Know-Nothing Party”...when asked about their party’s activities, they replied “I know nothing”)...wanted stricter citizenship laws and were anti- immigration

12. Lesson 3 – Southern Cotton Kingdom Cotton Production Cotton Production Pre-Revolution – main crops in the South were rice, indigo, & tobacco Post-Revolution – main crop was cotton...textile mills wanted it for fabric Cotton wasn’t very profitable...took time to separate seeds from the cotton fibers

13. Lesson 3 – Southern Cotton Kingdom Cotton Production Cotton Production Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Cotton Gin – invented by Eli Whitney in 1793...first machine to separate seeds...enabled workers to clean 50x more cotton per day...caused plantations to grow in size and number of slaves

14. Lesson 3 – Southern Cotton Kingdom Southern Industry Southern Industry Not much industry developed due to agricultural success and rural population Some politicians tried to develop industry and some did develop but it was not common

15. Lesson 3 – Southern Cotton Kingdom Southern Transportation Southern Transportation Natural waterways were used and most cities were located on the coast or on rivers Few canals existed and roads were poor Few railroads as well...by 1860, the South had about 1/3 of the railroad miles of the North

16. Lesson 4 – People of the South Small Farmers Small Farmers Yeomen – farmers who did not have slaves...largest group of whites in the south...most owned 50-200 acres Tenant Farmers – didn’t own their own land...rented land or worked on landlord’s estates Rural Poor – lived in cabins in wooded areas...proud of being self-sufficient

17. Lesson 4 – People of the South Plantations Plantations Large farms containing thousands of acres Most slaveholders had fewer than 10 slaves...only 4% of slaveowners had more than 20 slaves Cotton - #1 crop Overseer Overseer – slave supervisor

18. Lesson 4 – People of the South Slave Life Slave Life Constant fear of being split from family Spiritual Spiritual – religious folk songs...many of these contained hidden messages regarding the Underground Railroad Slave codes – laws that controlled slaves...main purpose was to prevent slave rebellions Nat Turner Nat Turner – led a slave revolt in VA (1831)...killed 55 whites before being captured & killed

19. Lesson 4 – People of the South Underground Railroad Underground Railroad Secret network of safe houses & people that helped slaves escape out of the South Harriet Tubman “Moses” Harriet Tubman – one of the most successful “conducters” on the Underground Railroad...nicknamed “Moses”