1. Vertebrates

2. Fish Feeding/Digestion Gills filter oxygen from water Closed circulatory system One-way loop 2 chamber heart

3. Fish Circulation/Respiration Most swallow food whole Cannot synthesize all amino acids

4. Fish Excretion Kidneys filter wastes Some wastes secreted by gills

5. Fish Brain/Senses Receptors to detect chemicals in water Color vision Lateral line system detects movement in the water & keep them upright & balanced

6. Fish Reproduction External fertilization (spawning) Embryos nourished by yolk Some have internal fertilization/dev Most don’t care for eggs

7. Fish Characteristics Jaws Paired fins Scales Aquatic habitats Gills

8. Amphibians Circulation/Respiration Larvae exchange gases through skin/gills Adults use lungs/skin/mouth cavities Double loop circulatory system 3 chamber heart

9. Amphibians Feeding/Digestion Most are predators Cloaca holds waste or eggs/sperm

10. Amphibians Excretion Kidneys filter waste Excrete ammonia (water inhabitants) or urea (land inhabitants) Urea is stored in urinary bladder

11. Amphibians Brain/Senses Cerebellum not well developed Frogs have nictitating membrane eardrums

12. Amphibians Reproduction external fertilization eggs laid in water, no shells egg nourished by yolk tadpole changes from gills & 2 chamber heart (metamorphosis)

13. Amphibians Other Characteristics Most have four legs Moist skin No scales

14. Reptiles Circulation/Respiration Most depend on lungs Squeeze throats to force air in Have larger surface area for gas exchange than amphibians Incomplete septum Oxy blood separate from deoxy blood

15. Reptiles Feeding/Digestion Similar to fish/amphibians Most are carnivores Some herbivores/omnivores Variety of feeding methods (sticky tongues, detachable jaws)

16. Reptiles Excretion Kidneys filter blood Cloaca reabsorbs water (allows conservation of water and maintenance of homeostasis)

17. Reptiles Brain/Senses Similar to amphibian brains Cerebrum is larger b/c vision & muscle function are more complex Vision is main sense Better sense of smell (Jacobson’s organs in snakes)

18. Reptiles Reproduction Internal fertilization Leathery shell around eggs that are laid Embryo nourished by yolk Eggs usually laid in the ground Some keep eggs inside body

19. Reptiles Other Characteristics Amniotic eggs Dry, scaly skin Many must shed skin to grow Ectothermic Some burrow in winter Limbs can bear more weight & move faster claws

20. Birds Circulation/Respiration Well adapted to provide large amts of Oxygen One way air circulation Air sacs in lungs efficient 4 chambered heart Oxy blood kept separate from deoxy blood

21. Birds Feeding/Digestion Require large amts of food Have storage chamber called crop at the base of esophagus Gizzard in stomach to crush food No teeth Digestion/absorption in small intestine

22. Birds Excretion Kidneys filter wastes and convert it to uric acid Cloaca-reabsorbs water from uric acid No bladder-storing urine adds weight and inhibits flying

23. Birds Brain/Senses large brain compared to body size Large cerebellum to coordinate movement/balance Excellent vision Good sense of hearing

24. Birds Reproduction Internal fertilization Amniotic egg encased in hard shell Eggs kept in nest Incubation necessary to keep eggs warm Parents feed offspring

25. Birds Other Characteristics Feathers Endothermic Amniotic eggs Scales on legs Most fly Light weight bones

26. Mammals Circulation/Respiration Lungs Diaphragm-sheet of muscle beneath the lungs that separates chest from abdomen Four chambered heart Oxygenated blood kept separate from deoxygenated blood

27. Mammals Feeding/Digestion Omnivores, herbivores, carnivores, & insectivores Adaptations for finding, capturing, chewing, swallowing, & digesting food all influence the mammal’s structure & life habits teeth

28. Mammals Excretion kidneys excrete metabolic waste kidneys filter urea from blood kidneys control amt of water in the body and allow mammals to live in extreme environments

29. Mammals Brain/Senses high developed brains cerebral cortex allows for more nerve connections and coordinates conscious activities, memory, & the ability to learn senses vary complex behavior

30. Mammals Reproduction egg fertilized internally development of embryo takes place in the female uterus mammary glands produce milk embryo nourished by placenta gestation periods vary

31. Mammals Other Characteristics Glands Hair Endothermic