1. Soil-Water-Plant Relationships A. Background 1. Holdridge Life Zones 1

2. 2. Average Annual Precipitation 2

3. 3. Arable Land - land that can be used for growing crops 4. Irrigation System Design Factors a. Water-holding capacity of a soil (root zone of the plant) b. Water-intake rate of the soil c. Root system of the crop d. Amount of water that the crop uses e. Rainfall amount and distribution throughout the growing season Understanding soil-plant-water relationships is necessary in order to plan and manage efficiently irrigation for specific crops grown on particular soils and in order to adjust the design to various conditions. 3

4. B. Soil Properties 1. Soil Bulk Density, ρ b, g/cm3, typical values: 1.1 - 1.6 g/cm 3 M s = dry soil mass, g V b = soil sample volume, cm 3 2. Soil Particle Density, ρ p, g/cm 3, typical values: 2.6 - 2.7 g/cm 3 V s = solids volume, cm 3 3. Porosity, Φ, typical values: 30 - 60% 4

5. C. Soil Water 1. Terminology a. Water Content, W 1) Dry Weight Basis 2) also called gravimetric water content 3) oven dry means 105 oC until constant weight (≈ 24 hours) b. Volumetric Water Content, θ ρ b = soil bulk density, g/cm 3 ρ w = water density, g/cm 3 5

6. c. Equivalent Depth of Water D = soil depth, in d = water depth, in 3 /in 2 or in 6 D d Water

7. 2. Soil Water Potential a. Description 1) Measure of the energy status of the soil water 2) Reflects how hard plants must work to extract water 3) Units: bars or atmospheres 4) Negative pressures (tension or suction) 5) Water flows from a higher (less negative) potential to a lower (more negative) potential b. Components ψ t = total soil water potential ψ g = gravitational potential ψ m = soil matric potential (soil water "tension") ψ o = osmotic potential Matric potential, ψ m, usually has the greatest effect on release of water from soil to plants 7

8. 8 c. Matric Potential and Soil Texture 1)Tension or suction created by small capillary tubes 2)Small pores create higher suction than large pores 3)For a given matric potential, coarse texture soils (sands) hold LESS water than fine texture soils (silts and clays). Height of capillary rise, h, inversely related to tube diameter h1h1 h2h2

9. 9 e. Effect of soil texture on water holding capacity

10. 10 f. Available Water Holding Capacity (AWHC) 1)Amount of water the soil can hold between field capacity and wilting point. Usually in/ft of soil or inches over entire root zone depth. 2) Field Capacity a) Approximation of the amount of water retained by the soil after the initial stage of drainage. b) Less than saturation, ≈ 1/3 bar c) Usually < 48 hours for most soils 3) Wilting Point a) Moisture level in soil where plant cannot remove water b) Function of crop and stage of growth 4) Permanent Wilting Point - plant dies Permanent Wilting Point

11. 11 d. Soil Water Characteristic Curve

12. 12 g. Available Water Percentage (AWP) 1)function of soil texture 2)available water remaining in the root zone at any time 3)% of AWHC 4)Field Capacity: AWP = 100% 5)Wilting Point:AWP = 0% h. Maximum Allowable Deficiency (MAD) 1)Maximum soil water depletion allowed  Expressed as % of AWHC 2)When AWP = 100 - MAD, it is time to irrigate 3)50% often used, less for vegetables, more for drought tolerant crops

13. 13 i. Readily Available Moisture (RAM) 1)portion of available water over which irrigation scheduling occurs, % of MAD 2)RAM = AWHC * MAD when soil is at field capacity

14. 14 j. Another look at soil moisture characteristic curves

15. 15 4. Wetting Patterns 1) Vertical movement due primarily to gravity 2) Horizontal movement due primarily to capillarity Coarse Textured Soil Fine Textured Soil

16. 16 D. Soil Water Measurement 1. Gravimetric a. Measures mass water content ( m) b. Take field samples, weigh, oven dry, weigh Advantages: accurate; multiple locations Disadvantages: labor; time delay 2. Feel and Appearance a. Take field samples b. Feel them by hand Advantages: low cost; multiple locations Disadvantages: experience required; not highly accurate

17. 17 Appearance at Different Moisture Contents  Sand Clay Loam  Loam  Silt Loam ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/MT/www/technical/soilmoist.pdf

18. 18 3. Neutron scattering (attenuation) a. Measures volumetric water content b. Attenuation of high-energy neutrons by hydrogen nucleus Advantages:- samples a relatively large soil sphere - repeatedly sample same site and several depths - accurate Disadvantages: - high cost instrument - radioactive licensing and safety - not reliable for shallow measurements near surface

19. 19 4. Dielectric Constant a.Soil's dielectric constant is dependent on soil moisture b.Time domain reflectometry (TDR) c.Frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) d.Primarily used for research purposes 5. Tensiometers a.Measure soil water potential (tension) b.Practical operating range is about 0 to 0.75 bar of tension c.Limitation on medium- and fine- textured soils

20. 20 6. Electrical resistance blocks a.Measure soil water potential (tension) b.Tend to work better at higher tensions (lower water contents) 7. Thermal dissipation blocks a.Measure soil water potential (tension) b.Require individual calibration

21. 21 E. Plant Root Systems

22. http://www.upperbigblue.org 22 F. Irrigation Scheduling 1. Evaporation Methods a. Atmometer b. Pan Evaporation c. ET Equation using weather data d. Using the Agweather Site on MESONET 2. Scheduling Methods

23. ET Using the Oklahoma MESONET http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/agriculture/map/agriculture_essentials/evapotranspiration/short_crop_etos_et_map http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/agriculture/map/agriculture_essentials/evapotranspiration/short_crop_etos_et_map 23

24. 24 Irrigation Planner: Oklahoma MESONET http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/agriculture/irrigation_planner http://www.mesonet.org/index.php/agriculture/irrigation_planner

25. 25 http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/components/DC1322b.pdf Irrigation Scheduling: Checkbook Method