2. 1 Zeinab Aslam

3. A sentence consists of words correctly arranged to form a complete statement or idea. A Sentence PP 3-2 A sentence begins with a capital letter. ends with an ending mark of punctuation. 2 Zeinab Aslam

4. A phrase is a sequence of words which has neither a subject nor a predicate. Phrase PP 3-17 to score a goal to climb a tree in our classroom at the soccer game 3 Zeinab Aslam

5. Phrase One way to define a phrase is to say it is a group of words that “belong together” in terms of meaning but do not have both a subject and a verb. Phrase = a group of words that acts like one word Phrase  S + V Another way to think of a phrase is to think of how it works within a sentence. When you think of a phrase this way, you can define it as: 4 Zeinab Aslam

6. Phrase example Here is a phrase: 1.the gym at the end of the street It functions as the subject of the sentence and subjects are nouns. It acts like a noun  The gym at the end of the street is new. 5 Zeinab Aslam

7. Sentence Components S + V / O So, we can symbolize the basic components of a sentence in the following way: Where: S = subject (a noun or pronoun that does an action) V = verb (the action itself) / = “optional”  some verbs do not need an O, C or A O = object (a noun or pronoun that receives an action) C = complement (an adjective or noun that is the subject) A = adverbial (an adverbial that tells more about the action) or C or A 6 Zeinab Aslam

8. Sentence Components S + V / O So, we can symbolize the basic components of a sentence in the following way: Where: S = subject (a noun or pronoun that does an action) V = verb (the action itself) / = “optional”  some verbs do not need an O, C or A O = object (a noun or pronoun that receives an action) C = complement (an adjective or noun that is the subject) A = adverbial (an adverbial that tells more about the action) or C or A 7 Zeinab Aslam

9. Peter ate dinnerwhile he watched TV. Subject Verb Object We have the original subject Peter with its verb ate and its object dinner. But the sentence continues with a second subject, this time he, a second verb, watched, and a second object, TV. 8 Zeinab Aslam

10. Clause Peter ate dinner.He watched TV. Our one sentence is basically two “mini” sentences hooked together by the word while. while he watched TV. “Mini” sentences, units of SV/O,C or A, within a sentence are called clauses. 9 Zeinab Aslam

11. After exercising, Peter ate dinner while he watched TV. A bigger sentence … In addition to the two clauses we are familiar with, this sentence has the added words after exercising. The words after exercising work together to give extra information about the clauses, but they do not form a clause. They form a phrase. 10 Zeinab Aslam

12. A clause is a sequence of words with both a subject and a predicate. Clause PP 3-18a Independent clause: Is a complete sentence and can stand alone. We raised money to help the Children’s Fund in Warwick. Dependent clause: Is not a complete sentence and cannot stand alone. It must be joined to an independent clause to make sense. When we raised money for the Children’s Fund, 11 Zeinab Aslam

13. When a dependent clause introduces an independent clause, place a comma at the end of the dependent clause. Clause PP 3-18b If you want to win the game, you must practice. Because I didn’t finish my work in school, I have extra homework. continued 12 Zeinab Aslam

14. A simple sentence is one independent clause in a subject-verb pattern. Simple Sentence PP 3-20 A simple sentence contains a subject and verb. It expresses a single complete thought. A simple sentence is a single independent clause. 13 Zeinab Aslam

15. The cat crept through the dark house. The wary mouse watched from underneath an upturned cereal box. The predatory cat stopped and surveyed his surroundings. The mouse darted for the safety of the nearly invisible hole under the cabinet. Sample Simple Sentences 14 Zeinab Aslam

16. More Examples of Simple Sentences The old man died. The man was 90 years old. His son killed him. His son made him very angry. His son bought him some poison. The old man died after taking the poison.

17. A compound sentence is two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. Compound Sentence PP 3-21 16 Zeinab Aslam

18. Compound Sentences A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, and yet, so) join these independent clauses. (Hint: The conjunctions spell FANBOYS.) The conjunction used can impact the meaning of the sentence. 17 Zeinab Aslam

19. #2: Compound Sentence A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by one of the following:  A comma and one of the FANBOYS I like to study grammar, and I love this class.  A semicolon I like to study grammar; I love this class.  A semicolon and a transitional I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class.

20. Compound sentences Independent clause, for independent clause and nor but or yet so See examplesexamples Independent Clause 1 + coordinator + Independent Clause 2

21. Examples of compound sentences I hate cats, but Sam loves them. Sam loves cats and his wife loves them too. Sam was playing golf, so his wife went shopping. You can submit a hard copy or you can also send it in by email.

22. Compound sentence without coordinating conjunctions Yet, while most compound sentences are formed with a coordinating conjunctions, often good writers decide to eliminate the conjunction and simply add a semicolon: The ambitious student initiated the research; the teacher was pleased by her efforts. The students were unhappy with their professor; he often wasted their time in class. 21 Zeinab Aslam

23. Compound sentence without coordinating conjunctions When a transition leads a clause, it is usually followed by a comma. If the transition lands in the middle of a compound sentence, use the semicolon, and then follow the transition with a comma: The experiment was deemed successful; unfortunately, our results were unsatisfactory. The students were unhappy with their professor; undeniably, he often wasted their time in class. 22 Zeinab Aslam

24. Sample Compound Sentences The cat was unsuccessful in his attempt to catch the mouse, and the mouse was equally as unlucky in his attempt to get the cheese. The dog had watched all of this, but he had refused to become involved. The mouse could wait until dark, or he could risk a daylight raid on the pantry. The cat usually slept during the day, yet curiosity held him at the corner of the kitchen. 23 Zeinab Aslam

25. A complex sentence consists of an independent clause and a dependent clause. Complex Sentence PP 3-22 24 Zeinab Aslam

26. Complex sentences should be punctuated in one of two ways:  INDEPENDENT CLAUSE dependent clause (no comma) We left class early so that we could attend a special lecture.  Dependent clause, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (comma) So that we could attend a special lecture, we left class early. 25 Zeinab Aslam

27. #3: Complex Sentence A complex sentence is a simple sentence (independent clause) to which a part of a sentence (dependent clause) has been added.  Because I like to study grammar, I love this class.  I love this class because I like to study grammar.

28. Complex Sentences A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A subordinating conjunction begins the dependent clauses. A dependent clause that begins a sentence must be followed by comma. A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own. 27 Zeinab Aslam

29. A dependent clause joined to an independent clause. (The dependent clause needs the rest of the sentence for support.) Because you care for me, I care for you. Dependent clause Independent clause

30. Subordinating Conjunctions Afterhow Until Althoughif Unless Asin as much as if in order thatWhenas long as At least Wheneveras much as now that whereas soon whereveras though Since Whilebecauseso that Beforeeven if That even though though 29 Zeinab Aslam

31. Complex Sentences Examples: Although Sam loves cats, he does not keep any as pets. Although Sam loves cats, he does not keep any as pets because his wife dislikes them. Although Sam loves cats as his pet cat once saved his life, he decided not to keep any in the house after he got married because his wife dislikes them.

32. Sample Complex Sentences After he gave it some thought, the mouse decided to wait until later for his trek. The cat fell asleep on the warm kitchen because he was deprived of sleep the night before. When the mouse heard the soft snoring of his sleeping nemesis, he scurried to the pantry and grabbed enough food for a week. 31 Zeinab Aslam

33. A Tip on Punctuation Since dependent clauses are only part of a sentence, you can never connect them to another sentence with a semicolon. Semicolons are only used between two independent clauses.  I have loved you for years ; although I never admitted it.  I have loved you for years, although I never admitted it. OK No!

34. Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The same subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce the dependent clauses. The same coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) are used for joining the independent clauses. 33 Zeinab Aslam

35. A dependent clause added to two or more independent clauses Because we are a family, I care for you, and you care for me. 2 independent clauses Dependent clause

36. Sample Compound-Complex Sentences. Although thought to be indestructible, the Twin Towers fell on Sept. 11, 2001, and that forever changed the NYC skyline. 2.The Twin Towers were destroyed by terrorists, who thought they could tear the US apart, but instead, this tragedy brought the US people together. Of all the tragedies the US has suffered, the 9/11 terrorist attack killed more individuals than Pearl Harbor; therefore, it is the most tragic lost in American history. 4. To this day, there is much controversy surrounding 9/11, and still, the American politicians swear they knew nothing prior to the attack. 35 Zeinab Aslam

37. Comparing compound and complex sentences interest, variety, and coherence compound sentences differ from complex sentences in one important way: In a compound sentence, both clauses have equal importance; in a complex sentence, the independent clause is more important. 36 Zeinab Aslam

38. Comparing compound and complex sentences interest, variety, and coherence compound sentences differ from complex sentences in one important way: In a compound sentence, both clauses have equal importance; in a complex sentence, the independent clause is more important. 37 Zeinab Aslam

39. Test Yourself – Simple, Compound, Complex, or Compound- Complex ? 1. The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance. 2. Juan played football while Jane went shopping. 3. Juan played football, yet Jim went shopping. 4. Although Mexico has a better team, they lost the tournament, and their more aggressive style did not pay off. 5. The island was filled with many trails winding through the thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild animals. 6. Naoki passed the test because he studied hard, but Stacy did not understand the material. 38 Zeinab Aslam

40. Self-Check Does your sentence have at least 2 independent clauses? Underline them. Are your sentences joined by a conjunction? Draw a box around it. Does your sentence have a dependent clause? Circle it. Does your dependent clause start with a transitional word or phrase? Draw a box around it. 39 Zeinab Aslam