1. The Republic of the Netherlands

3. Netherlands: The Golden Age – Politics in the 1600s Consisted of a confederation of seven provinces. Holland and Zeeland were the most dominant. (2.5 million population by 1700)  Each province had autonomy.  Each province sent a representative to the Estates General  Each province elected a stadholder (governor) and a military leader.  During times of crisis a common stadholder was elected by all seven provinces. This official usually came from the House of Orange. The republic was dominated by the bourgeoisie who limited the power of the state with their wealth. Virtual monarchy under William III of Orange (1688-1714) Reverted back to true republic in 1714 Characterized by religious toleration. Calvinism was the most the most dominant form of religion but other religions were tolerated including Jews. Leads to economic prosperity.

4. The United Provinces of the Netherlands: The Dutch Republic Leading European economy through much of the 16 th century Experienced a Golden Age during the early 17 th century  Greatest maritime trading power in Europe  Dutch dominated nearly 1/2 of European trade with virtual trade monopolies  Dutch East India Company (1602) – Expands trade to India, Japan, and Indonesia. Eventu  Dutch West India Company – Trade in Latin America and Africa Amsterdam was the banking and commercial center of Europe  First joint stock companies formed  Banking, credit, and warehousing thrived  Richest city in Europe Despite problems with severe flooding (Low Countries) farmers reclaimed land from the sea, and expanded agricultural production. Dutch and English farmers led the way in agricultural innovation (Agricultural Revolution)

5. Economic Decline in the Netherlands Threats from France & England  Three naval wars with England (1650s-1670s), BUT  Louis XIV far greater threat  Alliances with England and Sweden after Glorious Revolution Decline begins late 17 th century.  High production costs, low technological development, protectionism, investment flows out of Netherlands  No strong stadtholder replaced William III after his death  British pass Dutch in naval supremacy  Only financial institutions keep Dutch significant Dutch political life wanes, government becomes more rigid, army becomes mercenary, Dutch influence declines