1. DO NOW Friday’s Lab “DNA Extraction”, we saw DNA spooled out of the test tube. Do you think you could try this on other substances? Why? Name two potential sources from Friday’s lab.

2. WEDNESDAY TEST STUDY Chapter 10 – Mitosis Chapter 11 page 275 to end section 12-4. Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Prepare these two short answers 1.Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. 2.Contrast the function of the three main types of RNA

3. Mutations What is a mutation? Mutations are changes in genetic material either gene mutations or chromosomal mutations. What is a gene mutation? When a change involves a single gene. What is a chromosomal mutation? Change in a whole chromosome.

4. Gene mutations So what is sickle cell anemia? A gene mutation or Chromosome? Sickle cell anemia is a gene mutation that is a base substitution. Gene mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides.

5. Substitution Insertion Deletion Gene Mutations: Substitution, Insertion, and Deletion Section 12-4

6. Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal Mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. What could be some possible consequences of this? Change location of the gene, and the number of copies of that gene.

7. Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Figure 12–20 Chromosomal Mutations Section 12-4

8. Mitosis Cells must divide in order to create new cells. This is more complicated in eukaryotic cells because there are so many organelles. Bacteria can just split. This is called binary fission In binary fission, the circular DNA is copied and separated into two cells. Asexual!

9. M phase G 2 phase S phase G 1 phase Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle Section 10-2

10. Meiosis occurs in diploid cells. The chromosomes duplicate once, and through two successive divisions, four haploid cells are produced, each with half the chromosome number of the parental cell. Meiosis

12. Section 11-4 Crossing-Over

13. Section 11-4 Figure 11-15 Meiosis Meiosis I

14. Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure 11-17 Meiosis II

15. Step Two - Translation mRNA has made a copy of DNA – a set of instructions to make protein. mRNA leaves the nucleus and looks for a ribosome to attach to so translation of the mRNA can begin. Each codon (three letter code of RNA) is read by the ribosome. The ribosome uses the codon as a set of instructions to make a protein. Each three unit codon is matched to its anitcodon – also called tRNA: AUG is matched with UAC And the anti codon is attached to a specific amino acid

16. Figure 12–18 Translation Section 12-3