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Published byBrice Gregory Modified over 8 years ago
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8.2: Holy Roman Empire & The Church
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Otto I Becomes Emperor Worked closely with the Church Appointed bishops to jobs in government Became emperor for helping pope put down a rebellion in 962 “Holy” = because he was appointed by the pope “Roman” = heirs to emperors of ancient Rome
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Struggling for Control 2 Sources of Conflict: Vassals actually controlled much of the land claimed by Emperors –Hundreds of nobles and Church officials –If you control the vassals = you control the empire Appointment of Church Officials= –Had to oppose the power of the popes –Popes did not want interference within the Church by government
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Feud Between Pope and Emperor Henry VI vs. Pope Gregory VII: –Gregory = wanted to make the Church independent of secular rulers banned lay investiture = allowed only the pope to appoint bishops in office –Henry VI Responds = argued that bishops held land as royal fiefs As their overlord he should appoint bishops Many German princes undermined Henry by supporting the pope. –1076 =Gregory excommunicate Henry VI Gregory apologizes to pope as a peasant sinner Returns to Germany to subdue his nobles Later lead an army to Rome to force the pope into exile
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The Concordat of Worms 1112: Treaty known as Concordat of Worms = –Church had authority to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority –Emperor retained right to invest them with fiefs
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The Struggle for Italy Frederick Barbarossa (“Red Beard”) –Wanted empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic Failed to conquer cities of Northern Italy who allied with the pope –Arranged a marriage between his son, Henry and Constance, heiress to the throne of Sicily Prompted Frederick II of Germany to try and conquer Italy but failed
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Effects on Germany and Italy German nobles grew more independent while Frederick II was in Italy –Germany would not become a nation for another 600 years Southern Italy & Sicily faced rebellion against French rule
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Papal Supremacy 1200’s = Reformist popes claimed the right to depose Kings and Emperors 1198 = Pope Innocent III –Claimed supremacy over all rulers –1209 = launched a crusade against Albigensians in France for rejecting Catholicism Tens of thousands died
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