1. Introduction to phonetics and English phonology:
Uttalslära
Introduction to phonetics and English phonology:
Sounds in Context
Stress

2. Sounds in context
Sounds in isolation are sometimes different from sounds in words
Words in isolation are sometimes pronounced differently from words in sentences

3. A sound in a word can be different from a sound in isolation, because neighbouring sounds affect each other.
In English, a sound in one word can also affect a sound in a neighbouring word, especially in rapid speech.

4. Some of the processes of change are
• linking /r/ and intrusive /r/ in RP
• assimilation
• elision
• weak forms of some words in connected speech

5. Assimilation
Assimilation means that the pronunciation of a sound is influenced by a sound that comes immediately after (regressive) or immediately before (progressive).
Swedish example of regressive assimilation: min bil where /n/ becomes /m/ because of the following /b/ /mım bi:l/

6. Regressive assimilation
A sound is changed by the following sound.
Examples:
light blue /laıp blu:/ /t/ → /p/
gunpoint /ˈgumpɔınt/ /n/ → /m/
ten cups /teŋ kʌps/ /n/ → /ŋ/

7. Progressive assimilation
A sound is changed by the previous sound.
Examples:
washed /wɒʃt/ /ıd/ → /t/
loved /lʌvd/ /ıd/ → /d/

8. Elision
Elision means that a sound is omitted (removed), in particular in rapid or casual speech. Especially noticeable in consonant clusters. Elision makes a word or phrase easier to pronounce.
don’t know /doʊnt noʊ/ → /dəˈnoʊ/
fifth /fɪfθ/ → /fɪθ/
George the Sixth’s throne
/siksθs θrəʊn/ → /siksθrəʊn/

9. Weak forms of words Many function words have a strong and a weak form.
These words come from the following word classes: Auxiliaries, conjunctions, prepositions, determiners, pronouns.
There are about 40 such words in English.

10. Weak forms of words • Reduced vowel to /ə/ or /ı/
• Reduced or removed /h/ at the beginning of words
• End consonant reduced (esp. in and)

11. Strong and weak forms The strong form is used
• at the end of a sentence (pronouns can have the weak form at the end of sentences)
• for emphasis or contrast

12. Strong and weak forms The
Weak forms: /ðə/ (before consonants) “Shut the door”
/ðı/ (before vowels) “Wait for the end”
Strong form: /ði:/ “He is the man to ask”

13. Strong and weak forms and
Weak forms: /ən/, /n/ “I’d like to meet John and Jack.”
Strong form: /ænd/ “I said that I’d like to meet John and Jack, not John or Jack.”

14. Stress
When a syllable in a word is pronounced more forcefully than the other syllables, we say that the syllable is stressed.

15. Stress • Word stress (which syllable in a word is stressed)
• Sentence stress (which word(s) in a sentence is/are stressed)

16. Word stress
Some words have a primary (stronger) stress and a secondary (weaker) stress.
anthropology /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒı/
appendicitis /əˌpendəˈsaıtıs/
beneficial /ˌbenəˈfıʃəl/

17. Word stress – the syllable
A syllable is a unit of sound consisting of one vowel sound and, often, one or more consonants.
Words with one syllable include:
I, out, too, cap, snap, check
Words with several syllables include:
ba•lance, ar•ti•cle, a•ca•de•my, am•bi•gu•i•ty

18. Word stress – the syllable
In phonetic writing, stress is marked with a short vertical line immediately before the stressed syllable in the transcription.
machine /mə'ʃi:n/
television /'teləvıʒən/
suppose /sə'pəʊz/

19. Word stress
The placement of stress in English words is so difficult to predict that it’s best to learn the stress when one learns the word.

20. Word stress
Words with two or three syllables are often stressed on the first syllable.
ar•ti•cle
a•ve•rage
ba•lance
me•nu
mo•del
spe•ci•men
Note that “cafe” has different stress in RP and GA!

21. Word stress
Words with more than three syllables are normally stressed on the third syllable from the end.
a•ca•de•my
am•bi•gu•i•ty
de•mo•cra•cy
hy•po•the•sis

22. Double stress A few words have two main stresses.
• thir•teen, four•teen .... nine•teen
• some compounds: hot dog, in•side, Chi•nese, week•end

23. Stress shift
Sometimes, the stress in a word changes when a word is part of a phrase.
thir•teen thir•teen wo•men
in•side in•side in•for•ma•tion

24. Regular stress shifts
Words with two syllables that can be both a noun/adjective and a verb have a regular stress shift pattern.
The noun/adjective is stressed on the first syllable, the verb is stressed on the second syllable.

25. con•duct (n) con•duct (v)
ab•stract (adj or n) ab•stract (v)
in•sult (n) in•sult (v)
ex•port (n) ex•port (v)
per•fect (adj) per•fect (v)
re•cord (n) re•cord (v)

26. Sentence stress
Typically, the lexical words (content words) are stressed. Function words are normally unstressed.
Function words that have a strong and a weak form get the weak form when the word is unstressed.

27. Thank you for listening!