1. DC Biasing - BJTs Chapter 4 Boylestad Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

2. Ch.4 Summary Biasing Biasing: Applying DC voltages to a transistor in order to turn it on so that it can amplify AC signals.

3. Ch.4 Summary Operating Point The DC input establishes an operating or quiescent point called the Q-point.

4. Ch.4 Summary The Three Operating Regions Active or Linear Region Operation Base–Emitter junction is forward biased Base–Collector junction is reverse biased Cutoff Region Operation Base–Emitter junction is reverse biased Saturation Region Operation Base–Emitter junction is forward biased Base–Collector junction is forward biased

5. Ch.4 Summary DC Biasing Circuits Fixed-bias circuit Emitter-stabilized bias circuit Collector-emitter loop Voltage divider bias circuit DC bias with voltage feedback

6. 4.3 Fixed Bias

7. Ch.4 Summary The Base-Emitter Loop From Kirchhoff’s voltage law: Solving for base current: +V CC – I B R B – V BE = 0

8. Ch.4 Summary Collector-Emitter Loop Collector current: From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

9. Ch.4 Summary Saturation When the transistor is operating in saturation, current through the transistor is at its maximum possible value.

10. Ch.4 Summary Load Line Analysis I Csat I C = V CC / R C V CE = 0 V V CEcutoff V CE = V CC I C = 0 mA The Q-point is the operating point where the value of R B sets the value of I B that controls the values of V CE and I C. The load line end points are:

11. Ch.4 Summary The Effect of V CC on the Q-Point

12. Ch.4 Summary The Effect of R C on the Q-Point

13. Ch.4 Summary The Effect of I B on the Q-Point

14. Ch.4 Summary Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit Adding a resistor (R E ) to the emitter circuit stabilizes the bias circuit.

15. Ch.4 Summary Base-Emitter Loop From Kirchhoff’s voltage law: Since I E = (  + 1)I B : Solving for I B :

16. Ch.4 Summary Collector-Emitter Loop From Kirchhoff’s voltage law: Since I E  I C : Also:

17. Ch.4 Summary Improved Biased Stability Stability refers to a condition in which the currents and voltages remain fairly constant over a wide range of temperatures and transistor Beta (  ) values. Adding R E to the emitter improves the stability of a transistor.

18. Ch.4 Summary Saturation Level V CEcutoff :I Csat : The endpoints can be determined from the load line.

19. Ch.4 Summary Voltage Divider Bias any The currents and voltages are nearly independent of any variations in . This is a very stable bias circuit.

20. Ch.4 Summary Approximate Analysis Where I B << I 1 and I 1  I 2 : Where  R E > 10R 2 : From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

21. Ch.4 Summary Voltage Divider Bias Analysis Transistor Saturation Level Cutoff:Saturation: Load Line Analysis

22. Ch.4 Summary DC Bias With Voltage Feedback Another way to improve the stability of a bias circuit is to add a feedback path from collector to base. In this bias circuit the Q-point is only slightly dependent on the transistor beta, .

23. Ch.4 Summary Base-Emitter Loop From Kirchhoff’s voltage law: Where I B << I C : Knowing I C =  I B and I E  I C, the loop equation becomes: Solving for I B :

24. Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law: I E + V CE + I’ C R C – V CC = 0 Since I C  I C and I C =  I B : I C (R C + R E ) + V CE – V CC =0 Solving for V CE : V CE = V CC – I C (R C + R E ) Ch.4 Summary Collector-Emitter Loop

25. Ch.4 Summary Base-Emitter Bias Analysis Transistor Saturation Level CutoffSaturation Load Line Analysis

26. Ch.4 Summary Transistor Switching Networks Transistors with only the DC source applied can be used as electronic switches.

27. Ch.4 Summary Switching Circuit Calculations Saturation current: To ensure saturation: Emitter-collector resistance at saturation and cutoff:

28. Ch.4 Summary Switching Time Transistor switching times:

29. Ch.4 Summary Troubleshooting Hints Approximate voltages Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter. Test the solder joints. Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer. Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor operation. V BE .7 V for silicon transistors V CE  25% to 75% of V CC

30. Ch.4 Summary PNP Transistors The analysis for pnp transistor biasing circuits is the same as that for npn transistor circuits. The only difference is that the currents are flowing in the opposite direction.