1. Hazards EXIT Hazards A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES EXIT Hazards and risk Risk, resilience and threshold Geophysical, hydrological and atmospheric hazards

2. Hazards EXIT A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES What is risk? What risks have you been exposed to so far today and how have you mitigated against them? For example, crossing the road presents risk. What do you do to reduce that risk?

3. Hazards EXIT What is risk? The probability of a hazard event occurring and creating loss of lives and livelihood. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

4. Hazards EXIT Can you define the following terms? RiskHazardVulnerability Capacity to cope A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

5. Hazards EXIT Can you define the following terms? The probability of a hazard event occurring and creating loss of life. Risk A perceived natural event which has the potential to threaten both life and property. Hazard A high risk combined with an inability of individuals and communities to cope. Vulnerability The ability of affected communities to cope with a given hazard. Capacity to cope A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

6. Hazards EXIT Can you explain this equation? The probability of a hazard event occurring and creating loss of life. Risk A perceived natural event which has the potential to threaten both life and property Hazard A high risk combined with an inability of individuals and communities to cope. Vulnerability The ability of affected communities to cope with a given hazard. Capacity to cope R=H×V C A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

7. Hazards EXIT Task Study the photograph taken at Birling Gap, Sussex. Make a list that categorises the different kinds of hazards shown in this image, based upon what or who they affect. Task Study the photograph taken at Birling Gap, Sussex. Make a list that categorises the different kinds of hazards shown in this image, based upon what or who they affect. What kinds of risks are there? A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

8. Hazards EXIT What kinds of risks are there? Hazards to people Death and severe injury. Disease and stress. Hazards to goods Economic losses. Infrastructure damage. Hazards to the environment Pollution. Loss of flora and fauna. Loss of amenity. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

9. Hazards EXIT Mapping multi-hazard zones Task A multi-hazard zone is an area of the world that is exposed to two or more major hazards. Using the map below annotate areas of the world that are regularly exposed to hazards. Create your own key to illustrate each of the major hazards. Start off by thinking about events in recent memory and then use the table at the bottom to complete some internet-based research. Task A multi-hazard zone is an area of the world that is exposed to two or more major hazards. Using the map below annotate areas of the world that are regularly exposed to hazards. Create your own key to illustrate each of the major hazards. Start off by thinking about events in recent memory and then use the table at the bottom to complete some internet-based research. KEY A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES California, USAJapanIndonesiaPhilippinesItaly Earthquake TsunamiEarthquake Volcano

10. Hazards EXIT USGS www.usgs.gov has real time global earthquake data.www.usgs.gov Smithosian Institution Volcanism Program www.volcano.si.edu has real time volcanic output data in the ‘Reports’ section.www.volcano.si.edu UNISDR PreventionWeb - Hazards www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/ has data covering a variety of hazards. www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/ USGS www.usgs.gov has real time global earthquake data.www.usgs.gov Smithosian Institution Volcanism Program www.volcano.si.edu has real time volcanic output data in the ‘Reports’ section.www.volcano.si.edu UNISDR PreventionWeb - Hazards www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/ has data covering a variety of hazards. www.preventionweb.net/english/hazards/ Useful websites A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

11. Hazards EXIT Why do people remain exposed to hazard risks? There are four main reasons: Changing risks Lack of alternatives Cost-benefit analysis Risk perception Task Study the images on the following slides which show four areas of the world where people continue to live in areas of high risk. Match each reason to a photo. Task Study the images on the following slides which show four areas of the world where people continue to live in areas of high risk. Match each reason to a photo. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

12. Hazards EXIT The fertile lower slopes of Mount Etna, Sicily. Caribbean coast, Costa Rica. Settlements have been established here for over a hundred years but adaptations are needed in the face of global sea level rise. The densely populated island resort of Phi Phi in Thailand was extremely badly effected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami but has since repopulated due to the unprecedented nature of the event. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Housing on a polluted river bank in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

13. Hazards EXIT The fertile lower slopes of Mount Etna, Sicily. Caribbean coast, Costa Rica. Settlements have been established here for over a hundred years but adaptations are needed in the face of global sea level rise. The densely populated island resort of Phi Phi in Thailand was extremely badly effected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami but has since repopulated due to the unprecedented nature of the event. Changing risks Lack of alternatives Risk perception Cost-benefit analysis A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES Housing on a polluted river bank in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

14. Hazards EXIT People think about and react to risk in different ways Task Explain this diagram to a neighbour. Task Explain this diagram to a neighbour. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES

15. Hazards EXIT Measuring risk People living in areas of high physical exposure to hazards and with high levels of human vulnerability will be the most at risk. These people are mostly found in the poorest parts of the world. High risk, high security (e.g. California) High risk, low security (e.g. Haiti, Mali, Bangladesh) Low risk, high security (e.g. UK) Low risk, low security (e.g. Bolivia, Angola) Physical exposure to hazards (risk) Human vulnerability to disaster (insecurity) A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES