2. Social Studies 7 Unit 3: Chapter 6

3. Types and structures of Government

4. Representative Government  In the mid-1830’s all British colonies had similar governments – Representative government  The head of the government was either a Governor or Lieutenant-Governor  Governor/Lieutenant-Governor are chosen by the British Government to be their representative in the colony  In the mid-1830’s all British colonies had similar governments – Representative government  The head of the government was either a Governor or Lieutenant-Governor  Governor/Lieutenant-Governor are chosen by the British Government to be their representative in the colony

5. Structure of the representative government King or Queen ↓ Lieutenant-Governor / Governor ↓ Legislative CouncilExecutive Council ↓ Legislative Assembly ↓ Voters King or Queen ↓ Lieutenant-Governor / Governor ↓ Legislative CouncilExecutive Council ↓ Legislative Assembly ↓ Voters

6. Lieutenant-Governor / Governor  The Lieutenant-Governor had final say in all decisions  The Legislative and Executive Councils were chosen by the Lieutenant-Governor  The Lieutenant-Governor had final say in all decisions  The Legislative and Executive Councils were chosen by the Lieutenant-Governor

7.  Legislative Council: Discuss and Pass government bills  Executive Council: Discuss and Making policy  Since the governor selected all the members in these two councils, they were acted as the rubber stamp of the governor  Legislative Council: Discuss and Pass government bills  Executive Council: Discuss and Making policy  Since the governor selected all the members in these two councils, they were acted as the rubber stamp of the governor Legislative and Executive Councils

8.  In Upper Canada the people chosen to be members of the councils were always  men of British heritage  belonged to the Church of England  A part of the elite  These men were picked because  they were the most loyal to Britain  would make decisions that were best for Britain  In Upper Canada the people chosen to be members of the councils were always  men of British heritage  belonged to the Church of England  A part of the elite  These men were picked because  they were the most loyal to Britain  would make decisions that were best for Britain

9. Legislative and Executive Councils  In Newfoundland the merchants (who controlled the fishing industry) were chosen  In other colonies, wealthy professional men and merchants were chosen  In Lower Canada the councils were chosen from the French elite  In Newfoundland the merchants (who controlled the fishing industry) were chosen  In other colonies, wealthy professional men and merchants were chosen  In Lower Canada the councils were chosen from the French elite

10. Legislative Assembly  The Legislative Assembly was also made up of professional men and rich merchants  However, the members of the assembly weren’t always part of the elite  They were voted into the assembly by the voters  Their role was to suggest bills that were meant to help all colonists and to raise money through taxes  The Legislative Assembly was also made up of professional men and rich merchants  However, the members of the assembly weren’t always part of the elite  They were voted into the assembly by the voters  Their role was to suggest bills that were meant to help all colonists and to raise money through taxes

11. Voters  Only  Males  over 21  British citizens were eligible to vote  In order to vote, you had to  own land OR  pay a certain amount of rent for a year-round (property qualifications)  The property qualifications meant that many people could not vote  for example, those who worked on farms in the summer and logging camps in the winter did not have a year round house  Only  Males  over 21  British citizens were eligible to vote  In order to vote, you had to  own land OR  pay a certain amount of rent for a year-round (property qualifications)  The property qualifications meant that many people could not vote  for example, those who worked on farms in the summer and logging camps in the winter did not have a year round house

12. Voters  First Nations were not allowed to vote because they weren’t British citizens  Black colonists were allowed to vote  most were not wealthy enough to meet the property qualifications  First Nations were not allowed to vote because they weren’t British citizens  Black colonists were allowed to vote  most were not wealthy enough to meet the property qualifications

13. Achieving Responsible Government: Attempt in 1830s

14. Responsible Government  In the late 1830’s some people in British North America began to resent the power of the elite  It was the professional people and merchants who had the education, money, and time to fight for reforms  They didn’t think the current system at that time was fair  People wanted control of local laws, and decisions on how tax money and other government income was spent  In the late 1830’s some people in British North America began to resent the power of the elite  It was the professional people and merchants who had the education, money, and time to fight for reforms  They didn’t think the current system at that time was fair  People wanted control of local laws, and decisions on how tax money and other government income was spent

15. Responsible Government  These people felt that the best way to deal with the problems in each of the colonies was through  empowerment and  responsible government  Responsible government - a government where the elected members (not the appointed ones) would have the most say in decisions  These people felt that the best way to deal with the problems in each of the colonies was through  empowerment and  responsible government  Responsible government - a government where the elected members (not the appointed ones) would have the most say in decisions

16. Responsible Government  Most of the people who already had power did not agree with the idea of responsible government and arguments broke out

17. Stakeholders - Religion  At this time most people tried to follow the teachings of their Church  the Church of England (Anglican) and  the Roman Catholic Church  Church leaders were public figures who encouraged their members to take one side or the other on the issue of reform  At this time most people tried to follow the teachings of their Church  the Church of England (Anglican) and  the Roman Catholic Church  Church leaders were public figures who encouraged their members to take one side or the other on the issue of reform

18. Stakeholders - Religion  In most colonies both churches supported the government  In Newfoundland the Roman Catholic Church supported the reformers  In most colonies both churches supported the government  In Newfoundland the Roman Catholic Church supported the reformers

19. Stakeholders - Religion  Bishop Michael Anthony Fleming worked hard for reform  He believed that Catholics would be treated fairly if they could elect Catholic politicians who had real power  Bishop Michael Anthony Fleming worked hard for reform  He believed that Catholics would be treated fairly if they could elect Catholic politicians who had real power

20. Stakeholders - Media  Newspapers at the time were considered more valuable than they are today because there were so few other forms of media

21. Stakeholders - Media  The opinions expressed in newspapers were often the opinions of the owner/editor and did not necessarily contain correct information  Letters to the editor and editorials were often very biased  The opinions expressed in newspapers were often the opinions of the owner/editor and did not necessarily contain correct information  Letters to the editor and editorials were often very biased Calling All Patriots A Patriotic Appeal

22. Rebellion(s)  A rebellion is when the people turn against the government of a country in a violent way  Rebellion is one of the main themes of Canadian history during 19 th century  A rebellion is when the people turn against the government of a country in a violent way  Rebellion is one of the main themes of Canadian history during 19 th century

23. Rebellion  In 1837, Reformers in Upper and Lower Canada led rebellions to try and remove the elite from power  Upper and Lower Canada both had their own reasons for wanting change  In 1837, Reformers in Upper and Lower Canada led rebellions to try and remove the elite from power  Upper and Lower Canada both had their own reasons for wanting change

24. 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Lower Canada  The Reformers (called the Parti Patriote) were worried about the effects that recent British immigration would have on their colony.  Louis-Joseph Papineau was the leader of the Parti Patriote in Lower Canada  The Parti Patriote was supported by French Canadian Farmers and some Irish immigrants  The Reformers (called the Parti Patriote) were worried about the effects that recent British immigration would have on their colony.  Louis-Joseph Papineau was the leader of the Parti Patriote in Lower Canada  The Parti Patriote was supported by French Canadian Farmers and some Irish immigrants

25.  Different groups were afraid for different reasons: 1.Farmers were afraid new settlers would take all the remaining land, leaving no land for farmers’ children. 2.French Canadians were afraid that they would lose their language and culture because of British control. 3.The immigrants had brought cholera with them, which caused an epidemic and killed many people.  Different groups were afraid for different reasons: 1.Farmers were afraid new settlers would take all the remaining land, leaving no land for farmers’ children. 2.French Canadians were afraid that they would lose their language and culture because of British control. 3.The immigrants had brought cholera with them, which caused an epidemic and killed many people. 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Lower Canada

26.  The Reformers were upset with how government money was being spent  For example, the colony went into debt building canals to help make shipping easier. This helped only the merchants (who were already wealthy), but all colonists had to pay taxes to cover the expenses  The Reformers were upset with how government money was being spent  For example, the colony went into debt building canals to help make shipping easier. This helped only the merchants (who were already wealthy), but all colonists had to pay taxes to cover the expenses 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Lower Canada

27.  The elite usually got the biggest and best pieces of land, but they didn’t farm it  They kept it until land prices went up and they could sell it and make more money  new immigrants had to go farther away from towns to find land  The elite usually got the biggest and best pieces of land, but they didn’t farm it  They kept it until land prices went up and they could sell it and make more money  new immigrants had to go farther away from towns to find land 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Lower Canada

28.  There had been poor harvests and many people were starving. They didn’t feel that the government was doing enough to help their situations  The Reformers had support from farmers and recent immigrants, especially the Irish  There had been poor harvests and many people were starving. They didn’t feel that the government was doing enough to help their situations  The Reformers had support from farmers and recent immigrants, especially the Irish 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Lower Canada

29.  In 1834, the Patriotes in Lower Canada drew up a list of their complaints for the British Government to consider  Two years later the British Government responded by making the power of the governor even stronger  In 1834, the Patriotes in Lower Canada drew up a list of their complaints for the British Government to consider  Two years later the British Government responded by making the power of the governor even stronger 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Lower Canada

30. 1837 Rebellion - Issues in Upper Canada  In Upper Canada, the governor threatened and bribed people to make sure that the Reformers would be voted out of the Assembly  This continued to anger the Reformers  In Upper Canada, the governor threatened and bribed people to make sure that the Reformers would be voted out of the Assembly  This continued to anger the Reformers

31. Rebellions in Lower Canada  The rebellions started on 23 November, 1837  A group of Patriotes defeated the British in a small battle that started because the government heard that people were thinking about starting a rebellion  The rebellions started on 23 November, 1837  A group of Patriotes defeated the British in a small battle that started because the government heard that people were thinking about starting a rebellion

32. Rebellions in Lower Canada  The government started arresting members of the Patriotes, who started the fight  There were several little battles, but the British troops easily defeated the Patriotes because they had more weapons and military training  The government started arresting members of the Patriotes, who started the fight  There were several little battles, but the British troops easily defeated the Patriotes because they had more weapons and military training

33. Rebellions in Lower Canada  In November 1838 a second rebellion was started, but the rebels were quickly defeated  In total, 800 Patriotes were arrested, and their homes were destroyed  In November 1838 a second rebellion was started, but the rebels were quickly defeated  In total, 800 Patriotes were arrested, and their homes were destroyed

34. Rebellions in Lower Canada  While most of the Patriotes were eventually released from jail, 12 were hanged and 58 were sent to prison colonies in Australia and Bermuda

35. Rebellions in Upper Canada  When William Lyon Mackenzie realized that the British soldiers were busy fighting the Patriotes in Lower Canada, he decided it was time to rebel in Upper Canada  He thought that the British wouldn’t be able to properly defend both areas at once  When William Lyon Mackenzie realized that the British soldiers were busy fighting the Patriotes in Lower Canada, he decided it was time to rebel in Upper Canada  He thought that the British wouldn’t be able to properly defend both areas at once

36. Rebellions in Upper Canada  In December 1837 Mackenzie led about 700 men to Toronto  The British Government defended Toronto with militia  Militia - a group of citizens who are not professional soldiers but act as soldiers in times of trouble  In December 1837 Mackenzie led about 700 men to Toronto  The British Government defended Toronto with militia  Militia - a group of citizens who are not professional soldiers but act as soldiers in times of trouble

37. Rebellions in Upper Canada  The militia defeated the rebels because they had more weapons and training  880 rebels were arrested, 20 were hanged, 92 were sent to prison colonies, and 26 were banished from Canada  The militia defeated the rebels because they had more weapons and training  880 rebels were arrested, 20 were hanged, 92 were sent to prison colonies, and 26 were banished from Canada

38. After the Rebellions  In 1838 the British Government appointed Lord Durham to investigate the situation in Upper and Lower Canada and to suggest what to do about it

39. After the Rebellions  After 5 months, two of his main suggestion were:  Join the two colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into one colony called the Province of Canada  Give the Province of Canada responsible government  After 5 months, two of his main suggestion were:  Join the two colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into one colony called the Province of Canada  Give the Province of Canada responsible government

40. After the Rebellions  The British government took the first suggestion and in 1841 the Province of Canada was created  Britain did not give the colony Responsible Government at that time  The British government took the first suggestion and in 1841 the Province of Canada was created  Britain did not give the colony Responsible Government at that time

41. Achieving Responsible Government: Peaceful transition

42. Achieving Responsible Government  Nova Scotia, the Province of Canada, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Newfoundland all achieved responsible government between 1848 and 1855

43.  Responsible government was granted mostly because of changes in attitude in Britain rather than events that occurred in the colonies Achieving Responsible Government

44.  Traditionally many people in Britain saw the colonies as a good source of natural resources and a good market for British goods  The British government wanted to control colonial governments to control the trade  Traditionally many people in Britain saw the colonies as a good source of natural resources and a good market for British goods  The British government wanted to control colonial governments to control the trade Achieving Responsible Government

45.  The colonies were given trade preference in Britain  goods from the colonies could be imported to Britain without being taxed and were therefore cheaper  In the mid-1800s people in Britain began to feel that the colonies did not help make Britain but were a drain on the economy  The colonies were given trade preference in Britain  goods from the colonies could be imported to Britain without being taxed and were therefore cheaper  In the mid-1800s people in Britain began to feel that the colonies did not help make Britain but were a drain on the economy Achieving Responsible Government

46.  Britain developed free trade with other countries which meant that all goods entering Britain were taxed the same  Britain could now buy from other countries where some goods were cheaper  Britain developed free trade with other countries which meant that all goods entering Britain were taxed the same  Britain could now buy from other countries where some goods were cheaper Achieving Responsible Government

47.  They did not want to help pay for shipping canals or send troops for defense  Thus their interest in controlling colonial governments waned  They did not want to help pay for shipping canals or send troops for defense  Thus their interest in controlling colonial governments waned Achieving Responsible Government

48.  To help fight for responsible government the reformers formed political parties  political party - a group of people who have the same ideas about government and become more powerful by working together  To help fight for responsible government the reformers formed political parties  political party - a group of people who have the same ideas about government and become more powerful by working together Achieving Responsible Government

49. The political parties who wanted responsible government were called Reformers or Liberals The people who wanted to keep representative government were called Conservatives or Tories The political parties who wanted responsible government were called Reformers or Liberals The people who wanted to keep representative government were called Conservatives or Tories Achieving Responsible Government

50.  In elections each party tried to elect a majority to government so it would have a strong point of view. Achieving Responsible Government

51.  In Nova Scotia Joseph Howe, who had been elected in 1836, had created a strong Reform party and had been pushing for responsible government  They received permission in 1847.  In Nova Scotia Joseph Howe, who had been elected in 1836, had created a strong Reform party and had been pushing for responsible government  They received permission in 1847. Nova Scotia

52.  In the first election in 1848 the Reform Party led by James Boyle Uniacke won a majority by promising people more say in how money was spent by government Nova Scotia

53.  Uniacke became premier of Nova Scotia  Unicake chose people elected to the Assembly as members of the Executive Council, rather than members of the elite as before.  Uniacke became premier of Nova Scotia  Unicake chose people elected to the Assembly as members of the Executive Council, rather than members of the elite as before. Nova Scotia

54.  All the other colonies did the same when they achieved responsible government Achieving Responsible Government

55.  The British offered responsible government to the Province of Canada in 1847 as well  It was not achieved until 1849  The British offered responsible government to the Province of Canada in 1847 as well  It was not achieved until 1849 Province of Canada

56.  In 1849 Louis-Hipployte Fontaine from Canada East and Robert Baldwin from Canada West formed an Assembly that achieved responsible government Province of Canada

57.  However, Reformers in Canada East and Canada West had very different opinions on how to run the government Province of Canada

58.  The governor chose members of the Legislative and Executive Councils from landowners who actually lived on the island  There were few arguments over heritage or religion as most settlers were British Protestants  The governor chose members of the Legislative and Executive Councils from landowners who actually lived on the island  There were few arguments over heritage or religion as most settlers were British Protestants Prince Edward Island

59.  Responsible government was not granted at first and the Assembly refused to pass laws to put pressure on Britain  With the changes in attitude in Britain responsible government was granted in 1851 with George Coles as premier  Responsible government was not granted at first and the Assembly refused to pass laws to put pressure on Britain  With the changes in attitude in Britain responsible government was granted in 1851 with George Coles as premier Prince Edward Island

60.  The farmers wanted government to force landowners to sell land to them  But Land reforms came much later  The farmers wanted government to force landowners to sell land to them  But Land reforms came much later Prince Edward Island

61.  In New Brunswick a key issue was who would control money the government got from the logging industry New Brunswick

62.  Most people agreed on the issue and the Assembly was granted control even before responsible government  Responsible government was granted in 1854 and Charles Fisher was the first premier  Most people agreed on the issue and the Assembly was granted control even before responsible government  Responsible government was granted in 1854 and Charles Fisher was the first premier New Brunswick

63.  In Newfoundland there were huge differences of opinion the English merchants who were appointed to the Legislative v.s. Executive Councils and the elected members of the Assembly  In Newfoundland there were huge differences of opinion the English merchants who were appointed to the Legislative v.s. Executive Councils and the elected members of the Assembly Newfoundland

64.  Over half the population was Irish- Roman Catholic while the merchants were Church of England  Most of the people elected to the Assembly were not Church of England  Many of them were poor fishers  Over half the population was Irish- Roman Catholic while the merchants were Church of England  Most of the people elected to the Assembly were not Church of England  Many of them were poor fishers Newfoundland

65.  Roman Catholic and Methodist politicians decided to get together to fight for reform and responsible government was granted in 1855  The Reform Party won the first election and Philip Little became premier  Roman Catholic and Methodist politicians decided to get together to fight for reform and responsible government was granted in 1855  The Reform Party won the first election and Philip Little became premier Newfoundland

66. Are we done? Almost…  Do Question 1 on page 117

67. Yes, Now we are done~ (Hip Hip~~)