1. Functional Groups Aim OC2 – What are functional groups?

2. Functional groups - Alcohols –A general group name for organic molecules containing a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) –general formula: R-OH –Suffix used in naming: -ol –Uses Beverages – ethanol in wine, beer, spirits Solvents – ethanol often used in perfumes and for dissolving nonpolar substances Antifreeze – ethylene glycol – a dihydroxy alcohol (C 2 H 4 (OH) 2 ) Antiseptics – ethanol with iodine, or in hand sanitizers Fuels – methanol and ethanol additive to gasoline

3. Monohydroxy alcohols: –Contain one –OH –Example: at right ethanol dihydroxy alcohols (glycols): –contain two -OH groups –example: at right – ethylene glycol or 1,2 ethanediol –active ingredient in antifreeze trihydroxy alcohols –contain three -OH groups –example: at right - glycerol or 1,2,3 propanetriol –holds three fatty acids together in a fat –product of digestion of fat

4. Hydroxy locations in alcohols –The –OH group can be attached in different spots in an alcohol Primary alcohols –the -OH is attached to one end of a hydrocarbon chain –general formula: R-CH 2 OH –ex: CH 3 CH 2 C 2 OH or 1-propanol Secondary alcohols –the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to two other carbons –general formula: R – COH – R –ex: CH 3 CHOHCH 3 or 2-propanol

5. Tertiary alcohols: –the OH is attached to a carbon that is attached to three other carbons –general formula: R 3 -OH –example: CH 3 CH 3 C(OH)CH 3 –Name: 2-methyl-2-propanol Name each of the following: ABAB

6. Functional group - Organic Acids –A general group name for organic molecules containing a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) –The H in the –COOH can ionize in solution, making the solution acidic –general formula: R-COOH –Suffix in naming: -oic acid –Uses As a food preservative – ethanoic acid (acetic acid or vinegar) - think pickled foods As one part of esterification (formation of esters, which are flavors and aromas in food and perfumes)

7. Functional group - Aldehydes –produced by the combustion or oxidation (burning) of primary alcohols –general formula: R-CHO –suffix: -al Example: CH 3 CH 2 CHO or propanal important aldehyde: methanal or formaldehyde

8. Functional Groups - Ketones –produced by the combustion of secondary alcohols –general formula: R-CO-R –suffix: -one –example: CH 3 COCH 3 or propanone important ketones: –Propanone, aka acetone, aka nail polish remover

9. Functional group - Ethers –produced by dehydration synthesis (the combination of molecules by removing water) of two primary alcohols general formula: R-O-R example: –diethyl ether –C 2 H 5 OC 2 H 5 –anesthetic and solvent

10. Functional group - Esters –produced by dehydration synthesis of a primary alcohols and an organic acid –R-COOH + HO-R  R-COO-R + H 2 O –general formula: R-COO-R –produces fragrances and flavorings – CH 3 COOC 4 H 9 butyl ethanoate Banana smell –CH 3 COOC 3 H 7 propyl ethanoate pear smell

11. Functional groups - Amines –derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) –the functional group is the -N- group –Naming: add amine to end of carbon name –Types of amines: Primary Secondary Tertiary

12. Functional group - Amides –dehydration synthesis of amino acids –Functional group carbon attached to a double bonded oxygen and NH 2 –Naming determine name of longest C chain and add – amide to end –Example ethanamide