1. Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

2.  What are the expected growth trends for height and weight during middle and late adulthood?  What effect does exercise have on the dynamics of human growth?  Is there a positive relationship between one’s physical characteristics and the acquisition and performance of motor skills? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

3.  Understanding predictable growth processes helps to determine if an individual is growing typically.  Understanding human structural constraints (e.g., stature, body weight, physique) helps to understand what may be shaping or limiting movement development. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

4.  From birth to 2 years:  Recumbent length  When child can stand without assistance:  Standing height (stature)  For those who cannot stand or for older adults:  Knee height Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

5. Age Selected Growth Info Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

6.  Illustrating growth in stature:  Distance curve  Velocity curve  Determining typical growth:  Norm-referenced data: National Center for Health Statistics (for ages 2–20)  World Health Organization growth charts (for under 2 years old)  Data set from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

7.  Boys (a)  Girls (b) Source: Used with permission of Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories Inc., Columbus, OH 43215. From data in the 1981 charts from the Ross Growth and Development Program: Incremental Growth Charts–Girls and Incremental Growth–Boys, © 1981 Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories Inc.

8.  Reasons for predicting stature:  Medical management of erratic growth  Regulation of human growth hormone and anabolic steroid therapy  Techniques: Question of reliability  Khamis–Roche method—for White Americans between 4 and 17 years old Khamis–Roche method Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

9.  Instrument of choice:  Electronic digital scale  For infants:  Platform scale  For those who are bedridden or cannot stand:  Chair scale and similar scales Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

10. Age Selected Growth Info Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

11.  Boys (a)  Girls (b) Source: Used with permission of Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories Inc., Columbus, OH 43215. From data in the 1981 charts from the Ross Growth and Development Program: Incremental Growth Charts–Girls and Incremental Growth–Boys, © 1981 Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories Inc.

12.  Combination of weight and height  Divide body weight (in kg) by the square of the height (in meters)  Helps predict future health risks (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and certain cancers)  Does not determine percentage of body fat Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

13.  Adiposity rebound  Children and adolescents:  BMI-for-age: Guide to determine individual nutritional status  Adults: Fixed ranges that don’t depend on age or gender  Underweight: BMI less than 18.5  Healthy weight: BMI 18.5 to 24.9  Overweight: BMI 25.0 to 29.9  Obesity: BMI 30.0 to 39.9  Extreme obesity: BMI 40 or more Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

14.  “In general it may be stated that thin, muscular babies and small-boned babies walk earlier than short rotund babies and exceedingly heavy babies.” (Shirley, 1931, p. 126)  Body weight and athletic performance:  Increased weight is good for propelling an object  Lighter body weight is advantageous when the body is being propelled or is supported Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

15.  Adolescent awkwardness  Growth spurt leads to disruption in motor performance  Boys, primarily—but not universally Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

16.  Do you recall your own adolescent growth spurt? Did you undergo a period of adolescent awkwardness and disruption in motor performance? How did you overcome those awkward feelings?  What would you advise a younger sibling or cousin currently going through this phase? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

17.  Head circumference  Ratio of sitting height to stature  Biacromial/bicristal ration Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

18.  Head length vs. total body length  Center of gravity  Head circumference  Sitting height as it compares to stature  Shoulder width vs. hip width Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

19.  Endomorphic—round and soft (a)  Mesomorphic— muscular (b)  Ectomorphic—tall and thin (c) Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Another option for rating physique: Somatotyping

20.  Young children experience limits on early motor performance: Top heavy with high center of gravity  Other potential influences:  Ratio of trunk length to leg length  Arm length and shoulder width Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

21.  Aging society and prevalence of bone diseases  Osteoporosis  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)— used to measure bone mineral density  Typical bone (a) and osteoporotic bone (b) Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

22.  Engage in physical activity and exercise—especially weight-bearing activities and those that increase muscle strength  Avoid periods of immobility, if possible  For girls, avoid menstrual dysfunction  Eat a well-balanced diet and avoid smoking cigarettes  Avoid disordered eating patterns Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

23.  Physically active children, especially those involved in high-impact weight-bearing activities, possess higher bone mineral density than less active peers.  For post-menopausal women:  In one study, women who performed the greatest amount of weekly physical activity reduced their risk of hip fracture by 67 percent.  Exercise appears to produce a permanent enlargement in a bone’s diameter. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

24.  Before you read this chapter, was osteoporosis something you thought about?  Were you surprised to read that exercise in childhood and adolescence could be key to reducing the incidence of osteoporosis later on? Will this change how you view being physically active now? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

25. An eating disorder Leads to amenorrhea This in turn leads to osteopenia Resulting in osteoporosis Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

26.  Determining maturation:  Chronological age vs. developmental age  Skeletal age  Age of menarche (girls)  Genitalia maturity  Studies are difficult due to ethical and privacy concerns. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

27.  More physically mature individuals will generally perform selected motor tasks more proficiently than less mature counterparts.  For girls, however, athletic participation is associated with delayed biological maturation (exception is swimming). Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers