1. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 1 6—Physical Development in Childhood and Adolescence Physical Growth in Childhood Health and Illness Puberty and Adolescence Summary

2. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 2 Physical Growth in Childhood Child Growth Patterns –Early Childhood The average child grows 2½ inches in height and gains between 5 and 7 pounds a year during early childhood. –Deprivation dwarfism—A type of growth retardation caused by emotional deprivation; when children are deprived of affection, they experience stress, which alters the release of hormones by the pituitary gland.

3. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 3 Physical Growth in Childhood Child Growth Patterns (continued) –Middle and Late Childhood The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent growth.

4. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 4 Physical Growth in Childhood Motor Development –Gross Motor Skills During middle and late childhood, children’s motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated than it was in early childhood. –Fine Motor Skills In middle and late childhood, children use their hands more adroitly as tools.

5. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 5 Physical Growth in Childhood Handedness –Origin and Development of Handedness Genetic inheritance is likely strong. –Handedness, the Brain, and Language Left-handers are more likely to have reading problems (Geschwind & Behan, 1984; Natsopoulos & others, 1998).

6. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 6 Physical Growth in Childhood Handedness (continued) –Handedness and Other Abilities Left-handers are more common among mathematicians, musicians, architects, and artists (Schacter & Ransil, 1996).

7. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 7 Physical Growth in Childhood The Brain –Brain Size and Growth The brain and the head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body. At 5 years of age, the brain has attained approximately 90 percent of its adult weight.

8. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 8 Physical Growth in Childhood –Changes in Neurons Myelination –A process in which nerve cells are insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. –Myelination in the areas of the brain related to focusing attention is not complete until the end of middle or late childhood..

9. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 9 Physical Growth in Childhood –Changes in Brain Structures From 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the frontal lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks. From age 6 thorough puberty the most growth takes place in the temporal and parietal lobes, especially areas that play major roles in language and spatial relations.

10. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 10 Physical Growth in Childhood –The Brain and Cognitive Development The increasing maturation of the brain combined with opportunities to experience a widening world, contribute to children’s emerging cognitive abilities.

11. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 11 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 1 Discuss physical growth in childhood –Review What is the nature of children’s physical growth? How do children’s grow and fine motor skills develop? Why are some children right-handed and other left- handed? How is handedness liked with the brain, language, and other abilities? How does the brain change in childhood and adolescence?

12. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 12 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 1 –Reflect Since left-handed individuals perform better on the SAT than right-handers, should parents train their children to be left-handed? Explain.

13. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 13 Physical Growth in Childhood Growth Curves for the Head and Brain and for Height and Weight Refer to Figure 6.1

14. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 14 Physical Growth in Childhood The Prefrontal Cortex Refer to Figure 6.2

15. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 15 Health and Illness A Developmental Perspective –Children’s Health-Care Needs The uniqueness of young children’s health-care needs is evident when we consider their motor, cognitive, and social development (Maddux & others, 1986).

16. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 16 Health and Illness A Developmental Perspective (continued) –Adolescence: A Critical Juncture in Health The early formation of healthy behavioral patterns not only has immediate health benefits but contributes to the delay or prevention of major causes of premature disability and morality in adulthood.

17. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 17 Health and Illness Nutrition and Obesity –Energy Needs An average preschool child requires 1,700 calories per day. Basal metabolism rate (BMR) –The minimum amount of energy an individual uses in a resting state.

18. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 18 Health and Illness –Eating Behavior and Obesity Within a recommended calorie range, it is important to impress on children the importance of a balanced diet. The context in which children eat can influence their eating habits and weight. Eating Problems and Disorders in Adolescence –Anorexia Nervosa—An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation –Bulimia nervosa—An eating disorder that involves a binge-and-purge sequence on a regular basis.

19. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 19 Health and Illness Recommended Energy Intakes for Children Ages 1 Through 10 Refer to Figure 6.3

20. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 20 Health and Illness The Increase in Adolescent Obesity from 1968 to 1999 in the United States Refer to Figure 6.4

21. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 21 Health and Illness Percentage of Overweight U.S. Adolescent Boys and Girls in Different Groups Refer to Figure 6.5

22. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 22 Health and Illness Exercise and Sports –Exercise Some ways to get children and adolescents to exercise more: –Offer more physical activity programs –Improve physical fitness activities in schools –Have children plan community and school activities that really interest them. –Encourage families to focus more on physical activity.

23. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 23 Health and Illness Exercise and Sports (continued) –Sports Participation in sports can have both positive and negative consequences for children.

24. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 24 Health and Illness Percentage of Children Involved in Daily Physical Education Programs in the United States from 1969 to 1999 Refer to Figure 6.6

25. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 25 Health and Illness Children’s Health and Illness in the United States and Around the World –The United States Early Childhood –Vaccines have nearly eradicated disabling bacterial meningitis and have become available to prevent measles, rubella, mumps, and chicken pox. –Accidents are the leading cause of death in young children (national Vital Statistics Reports, 2001).

26. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 26 Health and Illness Children’s Health and Illness in the United States and Around the World –The United States Early Childhood –A special concern is exposure to parental smoking. –Approximately 11 million preschool children in the United States are malnourished. –There are an estimated 3 million children under 6 years of age estimated to be at risk for lead poisoning.

27. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 27 Health and Illness Children’s Health and Illness in the United States and Around the World –The United States Middle and Late Childhood –The most common cause of severe injury and death in middle and late childhood is motor vehicle accidents (Wong & others, 2001) –Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children 5 to 14 years of age.

28. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 28 Health and Illness Children’s Health and Illness in the United States and Around the World –The United States Adolescence –The three leading causes of death in adolescence are accidents, homicide, and suicide. Health and Illness in the World’s Children –A leading cause of child death in impoverished countries is diarrhea produced by dehydration.

29. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 29 Health and Illness Main Causes of Death in U.S. Children 1 Through 4 Years of Age Refer to Figure 6.7

30. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 30 Health and Illness Types of Cancer in Children Refer to Figure 6.8

31. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 31 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 2 Describe children’s and adolescents’ health and illness

32. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 32 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 2 –Review What are children’s health-care needs? Why is adolescence a critical juncture in health? What are children’s energy needs? What types of eating problems can develop in childhood and adolescence? How much exercise do children get? What role does sports play in children’s lives? When are children’s health and illness like in the United States and around the world?

33. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 33 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 2 –Reflect What were your eating habits like as a young child? In what ways are they similar or different to your current eating habits? Were your early eating habits a forerunner of whether or not you have weight problems today?

34. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 34 Puberty and Adolescence Puberty and Sexuality –Puberty A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur mainly in early adolescence. Menarche –A girl’s first menstruation Puberty’s determinants include nutrition, health, heredity, and body mass.

35. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 35 Puberty and Adolescence Pubertal Growth Spurt Refer to Figure 6.11

36. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 36 Puberty and Adolescence –Hormonal Changes Behind the first whisker in boys and the widening of hips in girls is a flood of hormones. –Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream. Hypothalamus –A structure in the higher portion of the brain that monitors eating, drinking, and sex.

37. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 37 Puberty and Adolescence –Hormonal Changes (continued) Pituitary gland –Any important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands. Gonads –The sex glands—the testes in males and the ovaries in females

38. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 38 Puberty and Adolescence –Height, Weight, and Sexual Maturation Height and Weight –The rate at which adolescents gain weight follows approximately the same developmental timetable as the rate at which they gain height.

39. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 39 Puberty and Adolescence –Height, Weight, and Sexual Maturation Sexual Maturation –Three of the most noticeable areas of sexual maturation in boys are penis elongation, testes development, and growth of facial hair. –Two of the most noticeable aspects of female pubertal changes are pubic hair and breast development

40. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 40 Puberty and Adolescence –Height, Weight, and Sexual Maturation Individual Variations in Puberty –The pubertal sequence may begin as early as 10 years of age or as late as 13½ for most boys. –Menarche is considered within a normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15. Body Image –Adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies and develop individual images of what these bodies are like (McCabe and Ricciardelli, 2003)

41. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 41 Puberty and Adolescence –Early and Late Maturation Puberty affects some adolescents more strongly than others and some behaviors more strongly than others.

42. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 42 Puberty and Adolescence Normal Range and Average Development of Sexual Characteristics in Males and Females Refer to Figure 6.12

43. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 43 Puberty and Adolescence Early- and Late-Maturing Adolescent Girls’ Perceptions of Body Image in Early and Late Adolescence Refer to Figure 6.13

44. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 44 Puberty and Adolescence –Adolescent Sexuality Developing a Sexual Identity –An adolescents sexual identity involves an indication of sexual orientation, and it also involves activities, interests, and styles of behavior (Buzwell & Rosenthal, 1996).

45. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 45 Puberty and Adolescence –Adolescent Sexuality The Progression of Adolescent Sexual Behaviors –The timing of teenage sexual initiation varies by country and gender.

46. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 46 Puberty and Adolescence –Adolescent Sexuality Risk Factors for Sexual Problems –Early sexual involvement by boys was related to greater substance abuse and sexual activity in the high school in one study. –Risk factors for sexual problems in adolescence include contextual factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) and family/parenting circumstances.

47. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 47 Puberty and Adolescence –Adolescent Sexuality Contraceptive Use –Adolescent contraceptive use is increasing, but many sexually active adolescents still do not use contraceptives, or they use them inconsistently (Ford, Sohn, & Lepkowski, 2001; Paukku & others, 2003)

48. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 48 Puberty and Adolescence –Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections –STIs—Infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact, which is not limited to sexual intercourse. –Oral—genital and anal-genital contact also can transmit STIs. Adolescent Pregnancy –The United States continued to have one of the highest adolescent pregnancy and childbearing rates in the industrialized world, despite a considerable decline in the 1990s (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2002).

49. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 49 Puberty and Adolescence Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adolescent Pregnancy Rates Refer to Figure 6.14

50. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 50 Puberty and Adolescence Substance Use and Abuse –The United States till has the highest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation. Alcohol is the drug most widely used by U.S. adolescents. –Cigarette Smoking Smoking often begins in early adolescence. Cigarette smoking is decreasing among adolescents.

51. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 51 Puberty and Adolescence Substance Use and Abuse –The Roles of Development, Parents, and Peers Parents, peers, and social support play important roles in preventing adolescent drug abuse (Dishion, 2001; Reifman, 2001; Simons-Morton & others, 2001; Windle & Windle, 2003).

52. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 52 Puberty and Adolescence Trends in Cigarette Smoking by U.S. Secondary School Students Refer to Figure 6.17

53. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 53 Puberty and Adolescence The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Programs –The most at-risk adolescents have more than one problem.

54. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 54 Puberty and Adolescence The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Programs –Adolescent researcher Joy Dryfoos (1990) described the common components of successful programs: 1. Intensive uncivilized attention. 2. Community-wide multiage collaborative approaches. 3. Early identification and intervention.

55. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 55 Puberty and Adolescence Today’s Youth –Today’s adolescents face demands and expectation, as well as risks and temptations, that appear to be more numerous and complex than those faced by adolescents only a generation ago.

56. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 56 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 3 Explain the changes of puberty and adolescence

57. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 57 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 3 –Review What changes take place in puberty? What characterizes adolescent sexuality? What is the extent of substance use and abuse in adolescence? How are adolescent problems interrelated, and what are the key components of successful programs for preventing or intervening in adolescent problems? How can today’s youth be characterized?

58. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 58 Review and Reflect: Learning Goal 3 –Reflect Did you experience puberty on time or off time (early or late)? How did this affect your development?

59. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 59 Summary The average child grows 2½ inches in height and gains 5 to 7 pounds a year during early childhood. Children’s motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated. In today’s world, the strategy is to let children use the hand they prefer.

60. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 60 Summary By age 5, the brain has reached nine-tenths of its adult size. Children’s health-care needs involve their motor, cognitive, and social development. In the middle and late childhood years, children’s average body weight doubles and children expend considerable energy in various motor activities.

61. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 61 Summary Every indication is that North America’s children are not getting enough exercise. The disorders most likely to be fatal for children today are birth defects, cancer, and heart disease. Accidents are the number one cause of death in young children followed by cancer.

62. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 62 Summary Puberty is a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that involves hormonal and bodily changes that occur mainly in early adolescence. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of marked increase in the use of illicit drugs.

63. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.. Slide 63 Summary Since the mid-1990s, there has been a decline in the overall use of illicit drugs by U.S. adolescents. At-risk adolescents often have more than one problem. Many stereotypes of adolescents are too negative.