1. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. Chapter 10 Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods

2. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative research. Discuss the different types of research sources that are regularly used in qualitative research. List the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method. List four ways ethnographies differ from case studies.

3. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: List six steps involved in historical research. Discuss primary and secondary sources. Given an historical data source, identify whether the source is primary or secondary. Explain why authenticity and accuracy are important to historical research. Discuss internal and external criticisms of historical research.

4. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CHAPTER OVERVIEW Conducting Qualitative Research Research Sources Case Studies Ethnographies Historical Research Qualitative Research Tools

5. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CONDUCTING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

6. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. Qualitative research  Uses descriptions rather than numerical measurements of behavior  Asks different kinds of questions DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

7. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. RESEARCH SOURCES

8. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. DOCUMENTATION Documents are often saved to provide a record for later use  Public documents are usually readily available  Availability of internal documents may be restricted

9. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. ARCHIVAL RECORDS Provide descriptive data about an organization Can be a “gold mine” of useful information

10. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. PHYSICAL ARTIFACTS Physical traces that are usually not purposely left behind Can provide insight into behavior that cannot be observed directly

11. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. DIRECT OBSERVATION Researchers actually watch the behavior of interest Usually unobtrusive (tidak mengganggu)—the researcher does not interfere with or participate in the behavior

12. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION Observers are members of the group being observed Observers can become biased— maintaining objectivity is essential

13. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. FOCUS GROUPS Focus groups are formed to address specific issues A focus group has four main functions:  Gather information  Generate insight (wawasan)  Understand how a group’s members reach decisions  Encourage interaction

14. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CASE STUDIES

15. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CASE STUDIES Study one (or a few) persons, institutions, or events Are designed to gather as much detail about a subject as possible

16. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CASE STUDIES: ADVANTAGES Limited focus allows detailed examination of subject Use several different techniques to gather data Best way to gather detailed information about subject Can suggest directions for future research

17. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CASE STUDIES: DISADVANTAGES Time-consuming Subject to biases in observing and recording data Lack breadth (kurang keluasan) Cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships Limited generalizability

18. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. ETHNOGRAPHIES

19. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. ETHNOGRAPHIES A good way to study a culture Provide rich detail about their subject

20. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CONDUCTING ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH The holistic perspective is more concerned with the “big picture”  Looks at the entire group’s behavior rather than at individual behaviors Frequently uses participant observation Ethnographers avoid proposing hypotheses  Researchers begin with only enough information to “fit in”

21. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. HISTORICAL RESEARCH

22. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. HISTORICAL RESEARCH “Those who forget the past are condemned to repeat it!” George Santayana 1905 Historical research is also called historiography

23. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. CONDUCTING HISTORICAL RESEARCH Define a topic Form a hypothesis Decide on useful and appropriate sources Determine how to evaluate evidence Integrate and synthesize data Interpret results with reference to the original hypothesis

24. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. SOURCES OF DATA FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH Primary sources  Originate with the people or animals actually involved in the historical event  Are direct results of the historical event

25. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. SOURCES OF DATA FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH Secondary sources  Are at least “once removed” from the historical event  Result from “after-the-fact” reports of an historical event

26. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. EVALUATING AUTHENTICITY Authenticity or external criticism asks whether data originated as described  Did the person who signed a document actually write it?  Was an artifact found where it was left, or was it “planted” or moved?

27. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. EVALUATING ACCURACY Authenticity or internal criticism asks whether the source of the data was objective and trustworthy  Do archival documents “fairly” represent what actually happened?  Do surviving artifacts adequately reflect an entire culture or only a small part of it?

28. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. LIMITATIONS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Generalizability is limited Data are not observed by trained observers, and so may be questioned Time-consuming Evaluated by different criteria than quantitative research

29. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TOOLS

30. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TOOLS Help manage large, qualitative data sets Enable plain text analysis Link between documents Search documents Code and analyze data

31. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. HAVE WE MET THE OBJECTIVES? CAN YOU: Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? Discuss the different types of research sources that are regularly used in qualitative research? List the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method? List four ways ethnographies differ from case studies?

32. © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. HAVE WE MET THE OBJECTIVES? CAN YOU: List six steps involved in historical research? Discuss primary and secondary sources? Given an historical data source, identify whether the source is primary or secondary? Explain why authenticity and accuracy are important to historical research? Discuss internal and external criticisms of historical research?