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Ecology: an introduction
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The study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment
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Biosphere The part of Earth that supports life
Top portion of Earth's crust (lithosphere) All the waters that cover Earth's surface (hydrosphere) Atmosphere that surrounds Earth
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Ecosystem All the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features of their environment Biotic – living Abiotic – nonliving
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Biotic Biotic – living Plants Animals Single celled organisms Fungi
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Abiotic Abiotic – nonliving Water Air Soil Temperature Sunlight
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Parts of an Ecosystem
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Population All the organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species (biotic)
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Populations All of the same species in an ecosystem
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Community All the populations in an ecosystem (biotic)
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http://www2. tpwd. state. tx
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The place in which an organism lives
Habitat The place in which an organism lives provides the kinds of food and shelter, the temperature, and the amount of moisture the organism needs to survive
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Niche The specific role (job) that an organism plays in its ecosystem
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Limiting Factors Anything that restricts or controls the number of individuals in a population
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Limiting Factor Anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population. Includes living / biotic and nonliving / abiotic features of the ecosystem
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Competition All living things compete for
Food Space Competition limits population growth
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Competition Food Space
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Competition Competition caused by population growth affects many organisms, including humans Limits population size
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Carrying Capacity The largest number of individuals of one species an ecosystem can support
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Carrying Capacity The maximum number of individuals of any species that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis
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Energy Transfer Food Chains Food Webs Energy Pyramids
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Relationships in Ecosystems
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Symbiosis Any close relationship between species en.wikipedia.org
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Mutualism A relationship in which both species benefit Pollination
Cleaner fish Lichens: algae + fungus www4.tpgi.com.au
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Commensalism A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Shark & remora Barnacles on whale
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Parasitism A relationship in which one organisms benefits and the other is harmed Mistletoe Tick
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Predator - Prey Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers, called prey
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Cooperation Organisms working together toward a common end or purpose
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