1. Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan A n t h r o p o l o g y McGraw-Hill © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2. 2-2 CULTURE C H A P T E R 2-2

3. 2-3 CULTURE What Is Culture? Culture’s Evolutionary Basis Universality, Generality, and Particularity Culture and the Individual: Agency and PracticeCulture and the Individual: Agency and Practice Mechanisms of Cultural Change Globalization

4. 2-4 WHAT IS CULTURE? What is culture and why do we study it? What is the relation between culture and the individual? How does culture change—especially with globalization?

5. 2-5 WHAT IS CULTURE? Tylor: cultures—systems of human behavior and thought—obey natural laws, so they can be studied scientifically Enculturation: the process by which a child learns his or her culture

6. 2-6 CULTURE IS LEARNED Human cultural learning depends on the uniquely developed human capacity to use symbols Symbols: signs that have no necessary or natural connection with the things for which they stand

7. 2-7 CULTURE IS LEARNED Clifford Geertz: culture is ideas based on cultural learning and symbols Culture is learned through direct instruction and observation Anthropologists in the 19th century argued for a “psychic unity of man” Individuals vary in emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities

8. 2-8 CULTURE IS SYMBOLIC Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to cultural learning Verbal and nonverbal symbols Association between symbols and symbolized is arbitrary and conventional Chimpanzees and gorillas have rudimentary cultural abilities No animal has elaborated cultural abilities to extent of Homo sapiens

9. 2-9 CULTURE IS SHARED Culture is located in and transmitted through groups Shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations link people who grow up in the same culture Enculturation unifies people by providing common experiences

10. 2-10 CULTURE AND NATURE Culture takes natural biological urges and teaches us to express them in particular ways Our culture—and cultural changes—affect the ways in which we perceive nature, human nature, and “the natural”

11. 2-11 CULTURE IS ALL-ENCOMPASSING Anthropology: culture includes features sometimes regarded as trivial or unworthy of serious study To understand North American culture, one must consider television, fast-food restaurants, sports, and games

12. 2-12 CULTURE IS INTEGRATED Cultures are integrated, patterned systems If one part changes, other parts change Core values: key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture

13. 2-13 CULTURE IS INSTRUMENTAL, ADAPTIVE, AND MALADAPTIVE Humans have biological and cultural ways of coping with environmental stress What’s good for an individual isn’t necessarily good for the group Many modern cultural patterns may be maladaptive in the long run

14. 2-14 CULTURE’S EVOLUTIONARY BASIS Similarities between humans and apes evident in anatomy, brain structure, genetics, and biochemistry Hominid: member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla Hominins: hominids excluding the African apes; all human species that ever existed

15. 2-15 CULTURE’S EVOLUTIONARY BASIS Many human traits reflect that our primate ancestors lived in trees Grasping ability and manual dexterity Depth and color vision Learning ability based on a large brain Substantial parental investment in offspring Tendencies toward sociality and cooperation

16. 2-16 WHAT WE SHARE WITH OTHER PRIMATES Substantial gap between primate society and fully developed human culture Still, primates share similarities with humans: Ability to learn and change behavior Tools Aim and throw objects Habitual hunters

17. 2-17 HOW WE DIFFER FROM OTHER PRIMATES Cooperation and sharing are much more developed among humans Human females lack a visible estrus cycle and ovulation is concealed Humans mate throughout the year Human pair bonds for mating are more exclusive and durable than those of chimps Humans have exogamy and kinship systems

18. 2-18 UNIVERSALITY GENERALITY AND PARTICULARITY Universal: exists in every culture Generality: exists in some but not all societies Particularity: distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration UNIVERSALITY, GENERALITY, AND PARTICULARITY

19. 2-19 UNIVERSALS AND GENERALITIES Universality Universal traits are the ones that more or less distinguish Homo sapiens from other species: Biological: a long period of infant dependency, year-round sexuality, and a complex brain Psychological: common ways in which humans think, feel, and process information

20. 2-20 UNIVERSALS AND GENERALITIES Generalities Diffusion Colonization Invention Nuclear family

21. 2-21 PARTICULARITY: PATTERNS OF CULTURE Particularity Cultural particularities are increasingly rare: Diffusion Independent invention When cultural traits are borrowed, traits modified to fit the adopting culture

22. 2-22 CULTURE AND THE INDIVIDUAL: AGENCY AND PRACTICE Generations of anthropologists theorized about the relationship between “system” and “individual”: Culture is contested Culture is public and individual Day-to-day actions make and remake culture Practice theory: individuals within society have diverse motives

23. 2-23 LEVELS OF CULTURE National culture: cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation International culture: cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries Subcultures: identifiable cultural patterns existing within a larger culture

24. 2-24 Table 2.1: Levels of Culture, with Examples from Sports and Foods

25. 2-25 ETHNOCENTRISM, CULTURAL RELATIVISM, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Ethnocentrism: tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to use one’s own standards and values in judging outsiders Cultural relativism: to know another culture requires full understanding of its members’ beliefs and motivations

26. 2-26 ETHNOCENTRISM, CULTURAL RELATIVISM, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights: rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions Cultural rights: rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies Intellectual property rights (IPR): an indigenous group’s collective knowledge and its applications

27. 2-27 MECHANISMS OF CULTURAL CHANGE Diffusion: borrowing of traits between cultures Direct Forced Indirect

28. 2-28 MECHANISMS OF CULTURAL CHANGE Acculturation: exchange of features that results when groups come into consistent first-hand contact Independent invention: process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems

29. 2-29 GLOBALIZATION Globalization: series of processes that work to make modern nations and people increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent Economic and political forces Long-distance communication Local people must increasingly cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems

30. 2-30 GLOBALIZATION: ITS MEANING AND ITS NATURE Smith and Doyle: distinction between meanings of globalization Globalization as fact Spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies across the world New aspects: speed, scale, volume Globalization as contested ideology and policy IMF, WTO

31. 2-31 GLOBALIZATION: ITS MEANING AND ITS NATURE Truly global economy Based on knowledge and information Transnational networks Core activities proceed as a unit in real time Multinationals account for one-third of global market Youth market: identities based on consumption Influence national policy Gap between rich and poor