1. Extremely dilute, but strongly correlated: Experiments with ultracold fermions

2. Ultracold experiments in Heidelberg

3. The matter we deal with T=40nK … 1µK Density n=10 9 … 10 14 cm -3 Pressures as low as 10 -17 mbar k B T ~ 5peV Extremely dilute gases, which can be strongly interacting!

4. Important length scales interparticle separation size of the atoms de Broglie wavelength size of the atoms scattering length a, only one length determines interaction strength → Universal properties, independent of a particular system! → We can tune all the above parameters in our experiments!

5. Exciting many-body physics? U(r)U(r) EFEF Atoms are trapped in a conservative potential A spin polarized gas is noninteracting a ultracold temperature

6. Identical Fermions do not interact … … at ultracold temperatures …

7. Identical Fermions do not interact … … need distinguishable particles …

8. Mixtures of fermions U(r)U(r) EFEF EFEF Exciting experiments in two-component mixtures!

9. Mixture of fermions U(r)U(r) EFEF

10. Tuning the interactions …. U(r)U(r) EFEF

11. Ultracold scattering de Broglie wavelength much larger than size of the potential: Do not probe any details of the interatomic potential! Only s-wave scattering occurs, higher angular momentum scattering is suppressed! Model example: Box potential At ultralow temperature:

12. Controlling the scattering length One can make a much larger than the size of the potential!!! With cold atoms: Use Feshbach resonances to tune scattering length, by applying a magnetic field. for a review, see: C. Chin et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1225 (2010) bound state

13. Strongly interacting fermions U(r)U(r) EF’EF’

14. A very exciting playground …. BEC-BCS crossover: Establish the link between Bose-Einstein Condensation and Superconductivity Cho, Science (2003) … for many-body physics

15. Seminal experiment: J. E. Thomas laboratory, Science 298, 2179 (2002) Anisotropic expansion of a stronlgy interacting Fermi gas!

16. How to detect the atoms Conventional ultracold atoms technology: absorption imaging: CCD 2-D density profile resonant light This can be done in situ (measure density distribution), or after time-of-flight (measure momentum distribution, internal energy …)

17. How to observe the momentum? Switch off the trap and let the gas expand freely: A noninteracting Fermi gas should expand isotropically: Strong interactions: Hydrodynamic behavior!

18. Seminal experiment: J. E. Thomas laboratory, Science 298, 2179 (2002) Challenging questions: Is it a superfluid? Yes, it is! What‘s the viscosity  of this gas? What is  /s? In contrast to QGP: s is very small!

19. The unitary Fermi gas At infinite scattering length: only one length scale: Interparticle distance Fermi energy is rescaled by a universal factor: EF’EF’ E F ’=(1-  )*E F,  ≈−0.58 EFEF

20. What we work on in the lab …. Three component Fermi gases (Governed by Efimov physics)  On the way to complex many-body phases Finite Fermi systems with tunable interaction Very recent results!  Crossover from deterministic to thermodynamic ensembles

21. A unitary Fermi gas with more components? For three components: Will there be just another universal factor that rescales the energy? … or will the gas not be mechanically stable at all? … is that a fundamental question??? H. Heiselberg, PRA 63, 043606 (2001) D. Blume et al., PRA 77, 033627 (2008) EFEF EFEF EFEF

22. A three-component mixture of 6 Li Ground state of 6 Li in magnetic field:

23. … Tuning the interactions … zero crossings Feshbach resonances …are tuned with one knob: the magnetic field!

24. What is observed in experiments? Unexpectedly large three-body recombination!!! Few-body physics dominates … deeply bound molecule

25. Inelastic decay rate vs. magnetic field T. Ottenstein et al., PRL 101, 203202 (2008) Similar experiments at: Penn State: J. Huckans et al., PRL 102, 165302 (2009), also at Tokyo U. and MIT Tune interaction strength using magnetic field

26. The Efimov effect (V. Efimov, 1970) An infinite number of 3-body bound states exists when the scattering length diverges: (3 identical bosons) At infinite scattering length: E n =22.7 2 E n+1 Scattering length values where Efimov trimers become unbound a n+1 =22.7a n Position of the series fixed by a three-body parameter, a * Drawing: V. Efimov

27. Universality in nuclear systems … 11 Be Nörtershäuser et al., PRL102 062503,2009 „Halo dimer“ „Borromean“ states Argonne Nat. Lab.

28. Observing an Efimov Spectrum? 10nm (1st state) 5.2µm (3rd state) 227nm (2nd state) 2.7mm (5th state) 0.12mm (4th state)

29. What is observed in experiments? three-body recombination deeply bound molecule

30. Enhanced recombination With an (Efimov) trimer at threshold recombination is enhanced: deeply bound molecule

31. What has been done in experiments? Observe and analyze collisional stability in ultracold gases pioneering experiment with ultracold Cs atoms (Innsbruck): T. Krämer et al., Nature 440, 315 (2006)

32. Efimov physics with Fermions?

33. Efimov physics with fermions Need three distinguishable fermions with (in general) different scattering lengths: 1 32 a 12 a 13 a 23 1 1 1 a 11

34. 2- and 3-body bound states …. Binding energies of dimers and trimers: Three different universal dimers with binding energy Where are trimer states?

35. Where are the trimer states? Theory data from: Braaten et al., PRA 81, 013605 (2010)

36. Can we also measure binding energies? Theory data from: Braaten et al., PRA 81, 013605 (2010) 2 2 3 2 RF field Attach a third atom to a dimer! 1 1 Measure binding energies using RF spectroscopy!

37. Trimer binding energy With current precision: theoretical prediction of the binding energy confirmed: Need to include finite range corrections for dimer binding energies Theory curves from Nakajima et al., PRL 105, 023201 (2010) T. Lompe et al., Science 330, 940 (2010) T. Lompe et al., PRL 105, 103201 (2010) See also Nakajima et al. arXiv:1010.1954 2 2 1 3 2 1

38. Many-body physics with three components? A gas of fermionic “trions”, “baryons”

39. … many different phases are expected A “color superfluid”? A. Rapp et al., PRL 98, 160405 (2007) A. Kantian et al., PRL 103, 240401 (2009)

40. Conclusion Few-body physics in a three-component Fermi gas is governed by the Efimov effect. First direct observation of universal Efimov states. We are currently setting up an experiment to perform many- body physics with a three-component Fermi gas.

41. In between three and many …. Very recent results: Create a system of a few fermions with tunable interactions!

42. Other finite quantum systems … Extreme repeatability and control over all degrees of freedom, but limited tunability Quantum dots, clusters … Wide tunability, but no „identical“ systems Atoms, nuclei …

43. Mixture of fermions U(r)U(r) EFEF

44. Transfer atoms to microtrap …

45. Spill most of the atoms: “laser culling of atoms”: M. Raizen et al., Phys. Rev. A 80, 030302(R)  What is the population of the ground state? Use a magnetic field gradient to spill: Lower trap depth µ x B ~200 atoms ~2-10 atoms

46. Spilling the atoms …. We can control the atom number with exceptional precision! 1kHz ~400feV

47. First few-body interactions What happens if we bring the two atoms in the ground state across the Feshbach resonance One atom is observed in ~2 a~0 a>0 Exquisit control over all degrees of freedom of a few- body system ! F. Serwane et al., in preparation

48. Thank you very much for your attention! Philipp Simon Thomas Lompe Andre Wenz Friedhelm Serwane Martin Ries Gerhard Zürn Timo Ottenstein

49. Starting conditions Reservoir temperature ~250nK Depth of microtrap: ~3µK  Expect  Occupation probability of the lowest energy state: > 0.9999 100µm

50. Atoms in a microtrap Transfer a few 100 atoms into a tightly focused trap (~1.8µm in size) 100µm We use the infrared emission of a green laser pointer! (1064nm)

51. Detection of single atoms Measure fluorescence signal of single atoms in a compressed Magneto-optical trap.

52. Detection of single atoms 1 atom in the MOT Motorized irises control beam diameter Essential ingredients: Low background and MOT lifetime

53. 1.Spill atoms in a controlled way 2.Recapture prepared atoms into Magneto Optical Trap Preparation sequence