2. What is respiration? Oxygen Carbon dioxide

3. Our cells need oxygen for cellular respiration. How is respiration connected to “cellular respiration?”

4. Cellular Respiration Glucose is broken down into ATP. Inside A Cell

6. 5 All Living Things…. Need Energy to survive. – Energy allows you to do work and run chemical reactions.

7. Why do cells need energy? -to grow -to bring substances into / out of the cell active transport endocytosis exocytosis -to move -to reproduce -to respond to stimuli

8. Glucose: source of energy for all organisms -energy released when glucose broken down Where does glucose come from? -It’s made by autotrophs during photosynthesis. examples: plants, algae, some bacteria

9. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) -main source of chemical energy for all organisms -energy stored in bonds that hold the atoms together -LOTS of energy in glucose -if all the energy in glucose was released at once, the cell would be destroyed -energy is packaged into ATP, as the glucose is taken slowly apart, carbon by carbon

10. Overview of Cellular Respiration cytoplasm

11. What happens: C 6 H 12 O 6  2 Pyruvic Acid + 2ATP, (and NADH) Where it happens: -in the cytoplasm of cell -without oxygen present (anaerobic) Glycolysis = breaking of glucose Glyco = glucose Lysis = break Step 1

13. http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/glycolysis_overview/movie-flash.htm http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/glycolysis_reactions/movie-flash.htm

14.  One molecule of glucose holds A LOT of energy.  Is 2 ATP all that you get from breaking the bonds in glucose?  NO!! There’s more energy stored in pyruvic acid. How can you get more energy out? Break more bonds!!

15. The Next Step If Oxygen Is Present (aerobic) Kreb’s Cycle If Oxygen Is Absent (anaerobic) Fermentation

16. Fermentation: breakdown of pyruvic acid Where it happens: in the cytoplasm of cells When it happens: when no oxygen present (anaerobic) Alcoholic Fermentation: -occurs in yeast and few other organisms Equation: Pyruvic acid + NADH  CO 2 + ethanol + NAD +

17. Uses For Fermentation Baking bread -alcohol produced evaporates -CO 2 bubbles causes bread to “rise” Alcoholic Beverages

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation: -occurs in muscles, some bacteria Equation: Pyruvic acid + NADH  Lactic acid + NAD +

19. Uses of Lactic Acid Fermentation: cheese yogurt buttermilk sour cream pickles sauerkraut kimchi

20. No Energy Production in Fermentation Fermentation does not produce any ATP  So why do fermentation if it doesn’t produce ATP? -It restores NAD + so glycolysis can continue

21. Fermentation Restores NAD+

22. Overview of Cellular Respiration cytoplasm

23. Krebs Cycle Electron Transport

24. Krebs Cycle: - break down of pyruvic acid Where: takes place inside mitochondria (matrix) When: If oxygen is present (aerobic) What happens: -carbons are removed from pyruvic acid one at a time and released as CO 2 -2ATP and many NADH, FADH 2 are produced from the Kreb’s Cycle.

25. Krebs Cycle -CO 2 -ATP - NADH - FADH 2 Products of the Krebs Cycle

26. Next Step: Electron Transport Where: Inner membrane of the mitochondria What: -NADH and FADH 2 have their high energy electrons converted into ATP -O 2 is used up

27. cytoplasm

28. Electron Transport Chain Products of electron transport chain: -NAD+ and FAD -34 ATP

29. Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation) ATP synthetase ATP is made by ATP synthetase using energy from H+ flowing from high to low concentration (AKA proton motive force).

30. cytoplasm

31. Energy production from (Aerobic) Cell Respiration Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport 34 ATP TOTAL 38 ATP per glucose

32. Equation for Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38 ATP     into out of out of Electron Kreb’s Electron Transport Cycle Transport into Glycolysis

34. RespirationPhotosynthesis ReactantsGlucose, O 2 CO 2, H 2 O ProductsCO 2, H 2 OGlucose, O 2 Energyreleasedstored Energy Starts As:GlucoseSunlight Energy Ends As:ATPGlucose OrganelleMitochondriaChloroplast SummaryBreaks glucoseMakes glucose Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration