1. How can African Farmers Benefit from Carbon Markets? Sara J. Scherr, Ecoagriculture Partners World Agroforestry Congress Nairobi, Kenya, August 26, 2009

2. Emissions offset potential in working landscapes in Africa  Improved agronomic practices: croplands could reduce GHG emission 52-91 mln tons CO 2 eq (5- 9% of annual fossil fuel emissions in Africa)  Agroforestry: Cocoa AF in Cameroon stores 565 t/ha; semi-arid AF with 50 trees/ha stores 110- 147 tons CO 2 eq in soil alone  Improved pasture management can store 110 kg/ha/yr in drylands to 810 kg in humid lands  Farmer-managed natural regeneration: in Niger sequestered 100 million tons of CO 2 eq

3. PES for climate change integrates production, ecosystem, livelihoods Conservation Ecosystem process & function Wild biodiversity ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Locally beneficial services Globally & regionally beneficial services Sustainable Agriculture Livelihood support PAYMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

4. Global market for carbon in land use, land use change and forestry Types of PES Market size in million $/yr Global (developing countries) BuyersSellersData Source Public Sector $15 (15) National governments; multi-lateral organizations stewards World Bank 2007 Private, under regulation <$10 (<10) Regulated industry, governments, carbon funds, brokers, investors Private landowners, project developers UNFCCC 2009 Private voluntary $ 157 (~100) Corporations, NGOs, universities, individuals C offset retailers and project developers, conservation NGOs, governments C offset retailers and project developers, conservation NGOs, governments Eco- certification Agricultural products 42,000 (unknown) Individual consumers, retailers, food processing industries stewards World Bank 2007 Source: Milder et al. 2009. Ecology and Society. Forthcoming.

5. African carbon projects, by country (2008) KenyaSouth AfricaTanzaniaUganda 34119 Source: The East and Southern Africa Katoomba Group. 2008. Payments for Ecosystem Services in East and Southern Africa: Assessing Prospects and Pathways Forward.

6. Challenges 1: Can we measure agricultural landscape carbon?  Open debate on sequestration levels of terrestrial carbon interventions  Open debate on permanence of terrestrial carbon interventions  Precise measurement systems are currently expensive

7. Challenge 2: Community planning Too hard? too costly? too risky?

8. Challenge 3: Will value chains generate sufficient incentives for African producers?

9. Challenge 4: Can we mobilize agricultural carbon at a large enough scale to make a difference for poverty and for the climate?  Agriculture perceived to have weak institutions  Climate action has focused on small projects  Smallholders assumed to = small scale  Perception of low economies of scale due to site- specificity/diversity of solutions  Current focus on achieving high impacts per hectare, rather than high total impacts

10. Measure agricultural carbon cheaply and effectively  New agricultural landscape scale MRV tools being developed (e.g. Carbon Benefits Project, Cornell Climate Initiative)  Leading edge projects being implemented (e.g. WB Biocarbon Fund projects in Kenya)  Methodologies being developed for Voluntary Markets

11. Mobilize communities for climate planning and investment  Initiate climate action with organized & tenure-secure communities  Build capacity of farmer and local/landscape organizations (numerous landscape initiatives)  Small grant facilities for local analysis, planning, assistance, mapping (e.g., Google Earth)  Ensure community representatives are ‘at the table’ to set PES rules (including Copenhagen)

12. Build efficient value chains for climate payments to farmers  Institutionalize intermediary & bundling services, accountable to farmer clients (e.g., build on farmer coop models)  Establish livelihood-focused Carbon Funds  Utilize landscape-scale planning and monitoring tools (e.g. www.landscapemeasures.org) www.landscapemeasures.org  “Bundle” agricultural products with climate regulation services  Incorporate into outgrower schemes

13. Build on existing models for operating at scale  Large-scale government programs for restoring degraded lands and forests (e.g., South Africa, Nigeria)  Large-scale development projects on sustainable land management (e.g., IFAD, Sahel)  National platforms for coordinating action on SLM (e.g., TerrAfrica)  Territorial management initiatives  NGO, farmer, agribusiness networks (e.g., IFAP, EAFF, dairy networks)

14. Build support for full inclusion of African agriculture in climate talks negaction Building a rigorous case for the potential to scale Document existing programs that can be scaled Document landscape-wide GHG emissions/storage in diverse landscapes Calculate impacts of landscape-wide action Devise concrete strategies for action at scale Pilot country plans where major co-benefits identified for ‘re- carbonizing’ or protecting standing carbon in landscapes Integrate climate action in major agricultural investment programs of donors & development banks Mobilize voluntary carbon market to pilot and document diverse strategies

15. Thank you… www.ecoagriculture.org