1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Topic: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology EQ: How is the body organized to function effectively and maintain homeostasis? 2

3. scenario A patient arrives at the hospital with an unknown injury. Vital signs Temperature Pulse Blood pressure 3

4. Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy deals with the structure of the body (form) and its parts. Physiology studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work?” Anatomy and physiology are interrelated because the function of a part depends on the way it is constructed. Examples? ________________________________ 4

5. Characteristics of Life - traits shared by all organisms. Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion 5 *Together, these activities constitute metabolism, the physical and chemical changes or reactions that occur in the body.

6. Characteristics of life include: 1.Movement (changing body position or moving internal parts) 2.Responsiveness (sensing and reacting to internal or external change) 3.Growth (increase in size without change in shape) 4.Reproduction (producing new organisms or new cells) 5.Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO 2 ) Table 1.1 ? 6 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. 6.Digestion (breakdown of food into forms that can be absorbed) 7.Absorption (movement of substances through membranes into body fluids) 8.Circulation (movement through body in body fluids) 9.Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms) 10.Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) 7 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms:  Life depends on the availability of the following: a.Water b.Food c.Oxygen d.Heat e.Pressure  Survival of an organism depends on the quality and quantity of these factors. ________________________________ 8

9. *Homeostasis:  Conditions in the body must remain relatively stable within limited ranges.  The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate –body temperature, –blood pressure and –blood sugar. 9

10.  Many of the body's homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms which stimulate changes in the opposite direction. 10 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11. Negative Feedback In negative feedback systems, the output “turns down” or “shuts off” the original stimulus Ex: Regulation of blood glucose levels; body temperature.

12. Positive Feedback In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or “turns up” the original stimulus Ex: Regulation of blood clotting, Uterine contractions during labor. ________________________________

13. Levels of Organization: 13 These parts increase in complexity from one level to the next. ________________________________

14. Topic: Body Organization- Body Cavities & Membranes EQ: How can I distinguish the body’s cavities and their membranes? 14

15. Organization of the Human Body Major features of the human body include its cavities, membranes, and organ systems. 15

16. Body Cavities: The body can be divided into an appendicular portion (upper and lower limbs) and an axial portion (head, neck, and trunk). The axial portion of the body includes a dorsal (back) and a ventral cavity (abdominal). Organs within these cavities are called viscera. 16

17. Body Cavities

18. a. The dorsal cavity divided into two areas: 1)Cranial cavity 2)Vertebral cavity 18

19. b. The ventral cavity is made up of : 1)Thoracic cavity  The mediastinum contains the heart and divides the thorax into right and left halves. 2)Abdominopelvic cavity  can be divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. A broad, thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. 19

20. 20 c. Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities. ________________________________

21. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes: Terms to know- thoracic - pleural heart - pericardial abdominopelvic - peritoneal Membranes: parietal - lines the cavities visceral - covers the organs 21

22. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes: 1.The thoracic cavity is – lined with pleural membranes; the parietal pleura lines the cavities the visceral pleura covers the lungs. A thin layer of serous fluid separates the two layers. 22

23. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes: 2.The heart is surrounded by pericardial membranes. –parietal pericardium makes up an outer sac. –visceral pericardium covers the heart. Serous fluid separates the two layers. 23

24. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes: 3.Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity. parietal peritoneum lines the wall visceral peritoneum covers the organs. 24

25. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes 25

26. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa covering the body walls Visceral serosa covering the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae

27. Parietal Pleura - pleura lining the inner chest walls and covering the diaphragm Visceral Pleura - pleura covering the lungs Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Peritoneum – the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering most of the viscera ________________________________

28. Topic: Anatomical Terminology EQ: How can relative position be distinguished with anatomical terminology? 28

29. Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body

30. Fig. 1.20a Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Midline RightLeft Proximal Distal Proximal Distal Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)

31. Directional Terms Superior and Inferior– toward and away from the upper part of a structure – (above and below) Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal) – toward the front and back of the body - in front of and behind

32. Directional Terms Medial and Lateral– toward and away from the midline Proximal and Distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb

33. Directional Terms Superficial (External) and Deep (Internal) – toward and away from the body surface

34. Directional Terms

36. ________________________________

37. Body Planes

38. Body Planes/ Sections Sagittal– divides the body into right and left parts Coronal – divides the body into posterior and anterior parts (dorsal and ventral) Transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

39. Body Planes ← Transverse Plane ← Sagittal Plane Frontal or Coronal Plane ________________________________

40. Body Sections: 1.A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. 2.A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often called a “cross section”. 3.A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. 40 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

41. Body Regions 1.The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions. 2.Terms used to refer to various body regions are depicted in Fig. 1.16. 41 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42. Organ Systems Body CoveringBody Covering a.The integumentary system, including skin, hair, nails, and various glands, covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature. 42 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

43. Support and MovementSupport and Movement a.The skeletal system is made up of bones and ligaments. It supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues. b.The muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture, and body heat. 43 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

44. Integration and Coordination a.The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands. b.The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete hormones, helps to integrate metabolic functions. 44 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

45. Transport a.The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells. b.The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity. 45 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

46. Absorption and Excretion a.The digestive system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. It receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients. b.The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the lungs and passageways. c.The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance. 46 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

47. Reproduction a.The reproductive system produces new organisms. i.The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis. ii.The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The female reproductive system also houses the developing offspring. 47 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

48. Anatomical Terminology Relative Positions: 1.Terms of relative position describe the location of one body part with respect to another. 2.Terms of relative position include: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial (peripheral), and deep. 48 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.