1. Lecture 14 Future Tense Objectives: 1. will/ shall + infinitive 2. Be going to + do 3. Present progressive( be doing ) 4. Be to do

2. Lecture 14 Future Tense This lecture will deal with future expressions, there are number of constructions denoting future time. 1. Will/ shall + infinitive (1) The model auxiliary “will” with subject of all three persons and the infrequent model auxiliary “shall” with a first person subject are commonly used to denote futurity, used with adverbial of time showing futurity,

3. 1. Will/ shall + infinitive but the future meanings expressed by these auxiliaries are often colored by model meanings from prediction to intention and volition. eg: --The next train to Beijing will leave at 8 a.m. --You will feel better after taking this medicine. --Unless the taxi comes soon, we’ll lose the plane.

4. 1. Will/ shall + infinitive --While people may refer to television for up- to- minute news, it is unlikely that television ___ the newspaper completely. A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace Answer: D

5. (2) This construction can imply the meaning of “willingness” or” intention” eg: --I promise to pay him back in time, but he won’t lend it to me. --You’ve left the light on. --oh, so I have, ______ and turn it off. A. I’ll go B I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going Answer: A 1. Will/ shall + infinitive

6. (3) This construction can also be used to ask for someone’s opinion --What shall I do with your mail?

7. 2. Will /shall be doing This construction implies an action which will occur in the normal course of events without any human involvement, without being colored by volition or intention --The train will be arriving at two o’clock. --Maybe fewer people will be smoking in fifty years. --I shall be writing to you soon. --How long will you be staying in Paris?

8. 3. Will /shall have done This construction is used to express an action that has just finished before a given future time. --I’ll have finished my homework by five this afternoon. --By next year all the money will have been spent.

9. 4. Will / shall have been doing If an action has extended for a specified length of time before a given future moment and possibly continues at that moment, we can use this construction. --By the end of next month I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly.

10. 5. Be going to do This construction is used to express two meanings intention and predication. It implies an intention of doing something in the near future. The doer of the intended action is generally the subject of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. --He is going to be a doctor when he grows up. (-- He’s not going to cheat me again. ( I won’t let him cheat me again)

11. 5. Be going to do “be going to” form implies that there are signs that something will happen. --I feel dizzy. I think I’m going to faint. --Look at these black clouds– There is going to be a storm. --George is putting on weight. He’s going to be quite fat.

12. “be going to” and “ will” In most cases they can be interchangeable except for a few cases “be going to” implies a premeditated intention, while “will” implies intention alone. A: Why are you going to take down all the pictures? B: I’m going to prepare the room, A: I will/shall help you. 5. Be going to do

13. be doing (Present progressive) The present progressive can refer to a future happening anticipated at the present time according to a present arrangement, plan, or program. With verbs of movement such as go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet and fly 6. be doing

14. Some verbs can express future time by using its simple present, but it should have adverbs showing futurity （ verbs: go, come, leave, start, return. ） eg: --We meet tomorrow morning at the school gate. 7. Simple Present

15. In main clauses, the simple present refers to an immutable future event predetermined by a time table or a schedule. --She retires next month. --Next Christmas falls on a Saturday. (In adverbial of time perfective can replace future tense ) -- Hand in your papers when you ____the test. A. will have finish B. have finished C. finish D. would have finished 7. Simple Present

16. 8. Be to do This form can denote a future happening based on a present plan or arrangement. This form is very much usedin newspapers and in headlines. --The queen is to visit Japan next year

17. Another use is to convey orders, instructions or prohibitions ; it can also denote possibility or destiny. --Tell her she is not to be back late. 8. Be to do

18. Compare a few of constructions denoting future tense -- I shall sail for the desert island -- I will sail for the desert island. --I’m sailing for the desert island next Friday. 9. constructions denoting future tense

19. --I am to sail … --I am about to sail … -- I’m on the point of sailing --I shall be sailing… “ Will” can be used to show refusal: also can be used with inanimate object -- The door won’t shut. 9. constructions denoting future tense