1. Outcome: Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia

2. 1.Setting the Stage A. ) Neolithic Age ( New Stone Age ): 8,000 - 4,500 B.C.E. --- also referred to as the Agricultural Revolution ---- last era of the stone age and before people began to work with metal (copper, bronze) B. ) How did Agriculture change life for humans? i.Began dwelling in larger, more organized communities ii. Cities gradually grew iii. Economics began to matter Civilization & Mesopotamia

3. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 2.Villages Grow into Cities a.Farming became easier due to advances in technology and domestication of animals b.Bigger harvests also resulted from better technology c.Fact: The more food you have in supply, the bigger the population that can be supported d.As cities grew, so did responsibilities ---> not everyone farmed anymore e.The wheel and the sail allowed trade to occur over longer distances f.No currency yet:---- ( Barter ) g.Social Classes began to emerge h.Religion became more organized I. First cities developed in Jericho and Catal Huyuk around 7500 B.C.E. ( both cites are mysteriously abandoned around 5000 B.C.E. )

4. Catal Huyuk:

5. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 3.How Civilization Develops a.A Civilization is a complex culture with 5 characteristics i.Advanced Cities 1. Size alone does not distinguish a city from a village 2. Must be a center for trade 3. The earliest Advanced cities developed in Sumer :( Mesopotamia )

6. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia ii.Specialized Workers 1.Specialization: the development of skills in a specific kind of work 2.Artisans: skilled workers who make goods by hand: usually in the means of weapons, tools and jewelry.

7. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia iii.Complex Institutions 1.Institution: a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community 2.Ex: Government, religion, and the economy

8. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia iv.Record Keeping 1. Ex. Tax collecting, passage of laws, storage of grain 2. Around 3000 B.C. Sumerian scribes (professional record keepers) invented a writing system called cuneiform. 3. Cuneiform: wedge shaped point pressed into wet clay to make symbols. P. 21

9. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia v.Advanced Technology 1.Ex: Ox drawn plows, potters wheel, using bronze 2.Melt copper and tin together = bronze 3. Copper Age : 4,500 – 3,000 B.C. / Bronze Age: 3,000-1,200 B.C.

10. Mesopotamia Also known as The Fertile Crescent

11. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 4.Geography of Mesopotamia a.Located in modern day Iraq b.Rich land and curved shape led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent c.Tigris and Euphrates Rivers run through region d.Rivers unpredictably flood yearly leaving thick layer of mineral rich silt e.Periods of no rain could cause desert conditions. Solution: irrigation. f.No natural barriers in Mesopotamia for protection. Solution: they built walls g.Natural resources were scarce. Solution: trade networks were established.

12. Sumer

13. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 5.Sumerians Create City-States a.The Sumerians exemplified the 5 characteristics of a civilization b.Sumerians developed city-states: city that functioned like an independent country c.Early government was controlled by temple priests d.Ziggurat was a place of worship and like a town hall e.In some cases, military leaders became full-time rulers and passed powers to sons f.Dynasty: series of rulers from same family line g.Cultural Diffusion : ideas or products spread from one culture to another through conquest and trade

14. Ziggurat

15. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia 6.Characteristics of Sumerian Culture: a.Sumerians were polytheistic: belief in more than one god b.When you died you went to the “land of no return,” a dismal and gloomy place – Sumerians were Pessimists !! c.Sumerians had social classes (see pyramid to right) d.Sumerian women had more rights than many later Civilizations e.Ur was one of the world’s first advanced cities i.Flourished 5,000 years ago ii.30,000 - 40,000 people iii.City walls iv.Used the barter system for trade v.Worshipped at the ziggurat

16. Ur

18. Rise of Civilization & Mesopotamia f.Sargon the Great of Akkad conquered Sumer in 2350 B.C. g.Sargon created the world’s first empire: the bringing together of several peoples or nations under the control of one ruler. h.Babylonian ruler Hammurabi came up with Hammurabi’s Code i.Hammurabi’s Code: single, uniform set of laws engraved in stone to help unify diverse groups within his empire