1. Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter” Ready Kilowatt

2. Nuclear Fuel Cycle

3. Uranium production in the U.S.

4. Nuclear Fuel Cycle

5. What is “nuclear fission”? U-235 + 1 neutron = U-236 U-236 splits into: 2 neutrons + byproducts + ENERGY

6. Light Water Reactors Boiling Water Reactor

7. Light Water Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor

8. Heavy Water Reactor Nuclear fissionNuclear fission reactors used in Canada use heavy water as the moderator in their reactors. Since the deuterium in heavy water is slightly more effective in slowing down the neutrons from the fission reactions, the uranium fuel needs no enrichment and can be used as mined. The Canadian style reactors are commonly called CANDU reactors.moderatoruranium fuelenrichment

9. Moderator = graphite blocks Problems: 1.Instability of graphite 2.Lack of containment at Chernobyl

10. World Nuclear Reactors

11. NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE 1946 Atomic Energy Act passed creating AEC 1957 Price Anderson Act passed 1960-80 Many US nuclear plants constructed 1970s: increasing anti-nuclear activism 1978: Three Mile Island accident China syndrome 1986: Chernobyl

12. NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE Since TMI decline of nuclear power in U.S.; cancellation of plants, etc. Business in rest of the world is mixed, at best. Politics: Seabrook / MUSE “prudency reviews” / TMI, Ginna Evacuation plans and licensing Decommissioning new designs Licensing Process: US Elsewhere

13. NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE Since Chernobyl, caution about nuclear power has grown, but the change is not as abrupt as elsewhere. Why? Germany UK Japan/France

14. Externalities and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

15. Low-Level Waste (LLW) - includes radioactively contaminated protective clothing, tools, filters, rags, medical tubes, and many other itemsLow-Level Waste (LLW) High-Level Waste (HLW)- "irradiated" or used nuclear reactor fuel; some fuel processing wastesHigh-Level Waste (HLW) Uranium Mill Tailings - the residues remaining after the processing of natural ore to extract uranium and thoriumUranium Mill Tailings Radioactive Wastes

16. Waste Disposal 1.Low-level wastes: LLRWPA/compacts 2.High level wastes: a.NWPA: Indiana case b.Yucca Mountain

17. High level Nuclear Waste (Dry Cask) Storage

18. High level Nuclear Waste (Wet) Storage (fuel rods)

19. Nuclear Waste (Wet) Storage

20. Conceptual diagram of the Yucca Mountain facility

21. Opposition to Yucca Mountain Disposal Site

22. What is the future of nuclear power? What factors point toward its resurgence? What factors point toward its continued dormancy? What about nuclear power in the developing world?

23. Fast Breeder Reactors Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breed" more fuel from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes. The most common breeding reaction is that of plutonium-239 from non-fissionable uranium-238. The term "fast breeder" refers to the types of configurations which can actually produce more fissionable fuel than they use. France has made the largest implementation of breeder reactors with its large Super-Phenix reactor and an intermediate scale reactor (BN-600) on the Caspian Sea for electric power and desalinization.breeding reactionSuper-Phenix

24. Gas-Cooled Reactors: Pebble bed