1. Key idea: the effects of and responses to tectonic hazards vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth

2. Where is New Zealand located? New Zealand is located in the southern hemisphere in the continent of Oceania. It is to the south west of Australia in the south Pacific Ocean. It is made up of two main islands known as the north and south island.

3. Describe New Zealand’s tectonic setting New Zealand is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire on the plate boundary of the Pacific and Australian plate. However it gets complicated as the plate boundary moves in two ways it is both a destructive and conservative plate boundary. New Zealand is at risk from both earthquakes AND volcanoes because of the plate boundary it is on. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQTfFCMYEI4 What type of plate boundary is this?

4. Background Information An earthquake struck New Zealand’s South Island on 22nd February 2011 at 12.51pm. The epicentre was 10km away from Christchurch; the second highest populated city in New Zealand The earthquake was magnitude 6.3 on the Richter scale The earthquake was a shallow-focus earthquake with a depth of 5km The earthquake caused shaking that lasted for 12 seconds The earthquake was felt across the South Island and in some parts of the North Island Why might this time have contributed to the death and injury toll? Why might the focus affect the death and injury toll?

5. Before the earthquake

7. After the earthquake

9. Primary and Secondary effects Primary effects Economic cost = NZ$ 3.5billion Building damage was widespread because the 2010 earthquake had already weakened building structures 181 people were killed in total Over half of deaths occurred in the 6-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) building when it collapsed and caught fire. Approximately 2000 people were treated for minor injuries Road and bridges were severely damaged in places Cars and buses were reported to be crushed by falling debris Christchurch cathedral lost its spire Secondary effects Although many buildings did not collapse during the earthquake, they were demolished because they were unsafe. High-rise buildings constructed within the last 30 years generally survived the earthquake 10,000 houses would need to be re-built Landslides in some suburbs caused serious damage to buildings Christchurch International Airport was unaffected by the earthquake, but was closed as a precaution Liquefaction- when the ground is shakes it causes water (and often mud/dirt) to rise to the surface. Liquefaction produced 400,000 tonnes of silt Land that was damaged by liquefaction cannot be built on again

10. Immediate and long term responses The New Zealand Red Cross launched an appeal to raise funds to help victims The Australian Government donated NZ$6.7 million to the Red Crossed appeal A full emergency response plan was in place within 2 hours of the earthquake happening Satellite imagery was used to co-ordinate the recovery of New Zealand The Australian police joined forces with New Zealand police to enforce cordons, organise evacuations, help with search and rescue, traffic control and prevention of looting Search and rescue teams came from New Zealand, Australia, UK, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore The New Zealand Defence Force provided equipment, transport, evacuation, food and water aid to 1000 homeless people as a result of the earthquake Hospitals survived the earthquake and medical teams organised treatment for victims Electricity companies worked around the clock to restore power to areas that were cut off Electricity was restored to 80% of household within 5 days, and to 95% of households within 2 weeks Communication companies worked to restore telephone lines Bottled water was provided as water supplies were cut off Water supplies were restored to 70% of households within 1 week 27,000 chemical toilets were flown into the area as sanitation and sewerage works were damaged