1. CERN Neutrino Platform 10 th January, 2014 ICFA, Neutrino European Meeting A.Ferrari, M.Nessi, P.Sala

2. 2013: a intense discussion year <2013 : Several proposals or letter of interest submitted to CERN program committees : ICARUS-NESSiE (SPSC-P-347) for the search of sterile neutrinos, LAGUNA-LBNO consortium (SPSC-E-007) to demonstrate a new generation of neutrino detectors of double-phase LAr TPC with prototypes CERN management (end 2012) asked us for a feasibility study to provide a neutrino beam (short baseline + charged beam test facility) at CERN in the medium term (~4 years) with 2 experimental facilities ( near and far ). Main goal : satisfy the existing requests and allow new detectors/ideas to come forward In March 2013 we submitted to the CERN management a LOI for a Short Baseline Facility at CERN (CENF) : first beam in late 2017, far and near detector facility, SPS 100 GeV proton beams, investment ~80-100 MCHF  this generated an avalanche of discussions and opinions in the CERN and in the neutrino community …. and a lot of passion !!! Then the agreed European Strategy : “Rapid progress in neutrino oscillation physics, with significant European involvement, has established a strong scientific case for a long- baseline neutrino programme exploring CP violation and the mass hierarchy in the neutrino sector. CERN should develop a neutrino program to pave the way for a substantial European role in future long-baseline experiments. Europe should explore the possibility of major participation in leading long-baseline neutrino projects in the US and Japan.”

3. 2013: a intense discussion year CERN Management decided not to bring (yet) to the council a discussion for a CERN neutrino beam in the first half of 2013, but introduced in the new CERN Medium Temp Plan (MTP) a budget line for neutrino studies and created a CERN neutrino project In August 2013 the CERN Research Board, approved SPSC-P-347 as WA104 and SPSC-E- 007 as WA105. Both experiments are finalyzing their MOU with CERN … and are preparing detail plans. Approval is for R&D, but no neutrino beam yet granted. – CERN introduced the concept of a Neutrino R&D platform and is making financial plans for it – Going further requires a strong and coherent request coming from the neutrino community – In the mean time CERN is keeping an open discussion with communities outside Europe (US in particular) to explore possible future synergies

4. More recent Extended Directorate notes on the R&D short-term plans short-term objectives: 1)Prepare and upgrade building 185 in Meyrin to host the facility for the refurbishment of the Icarus detector. This includes the infrastructures associated to the Icarus detector. 2)Extend and equip the EHN1 experimental hall to receive single and two-phase LAr detector R&D installations. This includes the civil engineering, the charged particle test beams and the infrastructures associated with the detector R&D facility. The layout of this extension will be compatible with the present study for an eventual neutrino beam line in the North Area 3)Launch an R&D program for the development of technologies required for the creation of a modern neutrino beam line; the study will include targets, horns, reflectors, pulsed magnets and the related infrastructure systems for the target area. The studies will not be site specific and would allow for construction in the US, Japan or at CERN. 4)Complete the civil engineering study of the current layout for a neutrino beam line in the North Experimental Area of the SPS; in particular, of the junction cavern with the extraction line from the SPS and of the extension of EHN1. 1)Publish the report of the studies already carried out.

5. CERN Neutrino Project CERN Neutrino Platform Neutrino detectors R&D Logistics + Test Beams Infrastructure (EHN1 ext) Design and eventually implement a Neutrino Beam at CERN EU participation in a High Intensity Facility (detectors, beam, infrastr.) PHYSICS Investigate new programs (mu storage ring, betabeams ?, …)

6. CERN Neutrino Project CERN Neutrino Platform Neutrino detectors R&D Logistics + Test Beams Infrastructure (EHN1 ext) Design and eventually implement a Neutrino Beam at CERN EU participation in a High Intensity Facility (detectors, beam, infrastr.) PHYSICS Investigate new programs (mu storage ring, betabeams ?, …) It will happen

7. Neutrino detectors R&D CERN Neutrino Platform WA104: rebuild ICARUS T600 in bldg 185 and make it ready for a CERN or FNAL beam WA104: R&D on a new Large LAr TPC (ICARUS T150) WA104: R&D on an AIR core muon detector (NESSiE) or eventually integrate a solenoid in the main TPC WA105: R&D on 2 phases large LAr TPC prototypes MIND : R&D on muon tracking detectors USA : Start a common R&D effort with US groups and EU groups for a LBN type of experiment ? 2014 -2018 MOUs preparation in progress

8. Neutrino detectors R&D CERN Neutrino Platform 2014 -2018 MOUs preparation in progress CERN direct contribution under evaluation: - all logistics aspects - cryostats (membrane and new ICARUS type) - cryogenics - controls - DAQ - magnets and B-fields - integration and assembly - host for visiting collaborators (PJAS, fellows, students, scientific associates,..) - special studies (feasibilities, particular techniques, …) - ……..

9. Bldg. 185 : ICARUS 600 will be moved here and will be reconstructed and made operational 2014 -2016 CERN Neutrino Platform Logistics + Test Beams Infrastructure (EHN1 ext) EHN1 extension : Bldg. 182 : To be prepared for the 1x1x3m 3 LAGUNA prototype

10. LAGUNA-PROTO NESSiE ICARUS T150 ~64 meters MIND New detectors? + charged beams for all experiments + charged beams for all experiments

11. Ongoing/planned activities with CERN participation: Preparing the movement of ICARUS600 to CERN Preparation of b185 for ICARUS and b182 for LAGUNA Participation in the design, engineering and procurement of the new WA104 and WA105 cryostats Participation in the definition of a possible cryogenics project at CERN for WA104/5 A feasibility study for a large superconducting magnet to be put around WA104, starting with the small WA104- ICARUS150 and/or participation in the air core magnet project of WA-104-NESSiE An detailed integration study for the EHN1 extension done, ready for CE engineering detail design with input from all technical groups In the December CERN FC approved a contract for all CE studies and drawings preparation Detailed project definition for charged beams in the EHN1 extension Definition for all the above of the necessary safety and environmental studies Preparation of a budget request for all the above and finalization of the necessary MOUs with WA104 and WA105 Initial discussions with the US groups on a possible common R&D (long term and short term plans)

12. charged beams layout

13. Design 2012 -2014 CERN Neutrino Platform Design and implement a Neutrino Beam at CERN Eventually Construct 2015 -2018 proposed 80-90s 2006-2012

14. CERN Neutrino Facility 12 November 2013 M. Calviani (CERN) -- International Workshop of Next Generation Nucleon Decay and Neutrino Detectors (NNN13) 14 Primary beam extraction from TT20 Target area Near detector facility ~460 m from target Far detector facility ~1600 m from target Design 2012 -2014

15. Primary proton beam characteristics  Beam time structure similar to CNGS  Primary beam momentum 100 GeV/c  Fast extraction: beam excitation via injection kicker in LSS1 and extraction in LSS2  Novel solution tested for low intensities during recent beam tests  ~720 kJ/pulse  ~200 kW on target (max)  4.5x10 19 POT/y

16. Design 2012 -2014 CERN Neutrino Platform Design and implement a Neutrino Beam at CERN Eventually Construct 2015 -2018 Target area, decay pipe and hadron absorber/dump see M.Calviani presentation

17.  Beam line under He, to avoid NO x formation and to reduce air activation  Angle, distance and depth optimised to keep dose rate in EHN1 <1  Sv/h  Target shielding such that dose rate in target building area < 15  Sv/h  Air treatment and water recuperation  Civil engineering (CE) drillings already performed  CE design contract running Target cavern and hall Decay pipe Hadron absorber and  pits

18. Neutrino beam optimisation  FLUKA multi-parameter optimisation  5 GeV pion focusing – central  energy ~1.8 GeV  Target inside horn, followed by reflector Perfect focus within 1 rad Initial configuration Best configuration  Far detector: ~1M  /y

19. Time profile and sequence of operations and decisions CERN Neutrino Platform Basic detectors R&D Extension EHN1 beam design Charged beam tests Alternative studies Reopen on beam Tests/Phys. with beam Prepare for a LBN contribution LBN construction 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Eventual  construction decision process Includes decision process It should happen It might happen

20. CERN Neutrino Platform Summary: CERN offers a platform for Neutrino detectors R&D CERN will support this platform in an active way and will help WA104, WA105 and others in this initial phase CERN will construct a large neutrino test area (EHN1 extension) with charged beams capabilities, available in 2016 (and compatible with a future neutrino beam) CERN will continue the detailed studies towards a neutrino short baseline at CERN in particular for the secondary beam facility CERN will assist the EU neutrino community in their long term common plans

21. A CERN neutrino beam !! Do we need it ??

22. YES !!! - We need an intermediate program for the next 5-6 years, waiting for LBN  some physics : Steriles, Cross-sections, ….  to build experience with LAr detectors (reconstruction, BG studies, events topology, …)  detector performance studies + calibration  to cluster the community, to prepare the next phase of the program, to reach consensus on what to do on the long term !

23. Some statistics !!!  e x 100 Spectra at 1600 m from target μ CC rates (/kt/10 19 pot) : total 6.7 x10 5, E< 10 GeV 5.5 10 5, e contamination ≈1% (5400 e CC E< 10 GeV) 100 GeV protons neutrino mode

24. Some statistics !!! Spectra at 1600 m from target  e x100  Anti - μ CC rates (/kt/10 19 pot) : total 1.7 x10 5, E< 10 GeV 1.5 10 5 => Statistics is about 1/3 of the one in neutrino mode e contamination 2%, large μ component in the beam 100 GeV protons anti neutrino mode

25. Rates for 1-year (4.5 10 19 pot), 1kt, E<5 GeV neutrino mode antineutrino mode Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m) Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m)  CC 2.0 x 10 6 2.3x 10 7 1.9 x 10 5 2.1x 10 6  CC 5.5 x 10 4 5.9x 10 5 5.6 x 10 5 6.1 x 10 6 e CC 1.2 x 10 4 1.4x 10 5 3.0 x 10 3 3.4 x 10 4 e CC 8.9 x 10 2 1.0x 10 4 3.4 x 10 3 3.8 x 10 4 geom. factor ~ 11

26. Rates for 1-year (4.5 10 19 pot), 1kt, E<5 GeV neutrino mode antineutrino mode Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m) Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m)  CC 2.0 x 10 6 2.3x 10 7 1.9 x 10 5 2.1x 10 6  CC 5.5 x 10 4 5.9x 10 5 5.6 x 10 5 6.1 x 10 6 e CC 1.2 x 10 4 1.4x 10 5 3.0 x 10 3 3.4 x 10 4 e CC 8.9 x 10 2 1.0x 10 4 3.4 x 10 3 3.8 x 10 4 Large event statistics at both positions will allow a systematic study of  topologies, both in neutrino and antineutrino mode !!

27. Rates for 1-year (4.5 10 19 pot), 1kt, E<5 GeV neutrino mode antineutrino mode Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m) Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m)  CC 2.0 x 10 6 2.3x 10 7 1.9 x 10 5 2.1x 10 6  CC 5.5 x 10 4 5.9x 10 5 5.6 x 10 5 6.1 x 10 6 e CC 1.2 x 10 4 1.4x 10 5 3.0 x 10 3 3.4 x 10 4 e CC 8.9 x 10 2 1.0x 10 4 3.4 x 10 3 3.8 x 10 4 Large event statistics will allow a systematic study of e topologies, both in neutrino and antineutrino mode !!

28. Main backgrounds Intrinsic e component in the beam (mainly from K decay): about 1% (2%) of  (  ). Systematic error on MC calculation about 20% NC interactions with  0     mis-id as electron  CC interactions with non-identified muon and  0     mis-id as electron Reduction of NC and CC  0 backgrounds depends on detection technique. ICARUS estimate is reduction of a factor 1000 Systematics on all backgrounds can be constrained by simultaneous measurement at two different baselines. < 4% (LAr)

29. How does it compare with he FNAL booster beam Far 1600m -> 700m, Near 500m -> 150m Rates for 1-year (2.2 10 20 pot), 1kt neutrino mode antineutrino mode Far detector (700m) Near detector (150m) Far detector (700m) Near detector (150m)  CC 3.0 x 10 5 6.8 x 10 6 2,4 x 10 4 5,2 x 10 5  CC 2.2 x 10 3 5.4 x 10 4 2,7 x 10 4 5,8 x 10 5 e CC 2.0 x 10 3 4.9 x 10 4 3808,2 x 10 3 e CC 561.4 x 10 3 1403,6 x 10 3 15% 5% factor 6 in statistics factor 20 in statistics

30. Steriles Giunti, Laveder et al.,arXiv:1308.5288: Global fit of all experiments in e appearance and disappearance favours a region with 0.82 <  m 2 41 < 2.19 eV 2, Best fit at (  m 2 ; sin 2 (2  )) = (1.5eV 2 ; 0.0015) Icarus coll., Eur.Phys.J. C73 (2013) 2599 “ there is a possible agreement of all published experimental results only for a narrow surviving region centred around (  m 2 ; sin 2 (2  )) = (0.5eV 2 ; 0.005)”

31. Oscillated spectra at 1600m Osc. Signal concentrated at the position of the neutrino beam peak, mostly limited below 5 GeV Rates for 4.5 10 19 pot (1 year), a 1 kton detector E<5 GeV  Signal > 30% of background, thousands of events/year (  m 2, sin(2  ) ) from ICARUS “region” (  m 2, sin(2  ) ) from Giunti-Laveder global fit

32. Oscillated spectra at 500m Rates for 4.5 10 19 pot (1 year), a 1 kton detector, E<5 GeV  small amplitude of the oscillation at the near position allows for direct comparison of near/far spectra (  m 2, sin(2  ) ) from ICARUS “region” (  m 2, sin(2  ) ) from Giunti-Laveder global fit

33. Rates for 1-year (4.5 10 19 pot), 1kt, E<5 GeV Large event statistics for possible oscillation discoveries !! neutrino mode antineutrino mode Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m) Far detector (1600m) Near det (500m) Dm 2 = 0.05 eV 2 ; sin 2 2  = 0.005 30005000650 980 Dm 2 = 1.5 eV 2 ; sin 2 2  = 0.0015 22009400 590 2000 Background 13300154000640072000

34. CENF beam summary -High intensity beams both in neutrino and antineutrino mode -High statistics in the far and near detectors -Well suited for cross-sections measurements -Well suited for event topologies, calibration, performance studies,… -Large amount of e events for a good characterization of such topologies -Good potential for solving once for ever the Sterile neutrino Issue at ~eV 2 in all appearance and disappearance modes for neutrinos and antineutrinos

35. …. some more (my personal opinion) -A long baseline, high intensity facility, LAr based will not start construction before 3-4 years from now, first physics after 2025 -We should use the next 4-5 years to build up a sound and agreed program, to do R&D and understand what we are building step by step -CERN is offering the possibility to establish an effective platform towards a future large neutrino program ( … pave the way …. ) -A neutrino beam in Europe (Short Baseline type) is a must Let's work out together a plan for an effective intermediate neutrino program !!