1. REPORTED SPEECH

2. Four Essential Things to Remember 1.The use of the tenses 2.The change of the pronouns 3.The change of time expressions 4.The change of demonstrative pronouns (e.g. this, those, etc.)

3. The Sequence of Tenses Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect  Past Simple  Past Continuous  Past Perfect  Past Continuous  Past Perfect  Future Simple in the Past  Future Cont. in the Past  Future Perfect in the Past

4. Here This These Now Today Yesterday Ago Last night Tomorrow  there  that  those  then, at that time  that day  the day before  before  the previous night  the next (following) day The Words Expressing Nearness

5. Reported Statements To say – if the person addressed is not mentioned To tell – if the person is mentioned To write, to answer, to reply, to announce

6. Are generally introduced by the verb to ask or to inquire Reported ‘yes/no’ question is introduced by the conjunction if or whether Reported ‘Wh’ question is introduced in the same interrogative word that introduced the direct question (what, when, where, etc.) Reported Questions

7. Reported orders and requests are introduced by a verb that expresses and order or a request: to tell, to order, to command, to ask, to forbid, etc. Reported Orders and Requests

8. An order/ request is expressed by an infinitive: Mary said to me, “Help me, please.” Mary asked me to help her. Reported Orders and Requests

9. In a negative order/ request “not” is used before the infinitive: Mary said to me, “Don’t worry.” Mary said me not to worry. Reported Orders and Requests