2. 1.The Nitrogen Cycle 2.Amino Acid Biosynthesis 3.Urea Cycle 4.Amino Acid Catabolism 5.Molecules Derived from Amino Acid (from Lehninger P873- 882 )

3. The Nitrogen Cycle Page 810 nitrate nitrite nitrogenase Nitrite reductase Nitrate reductase

4. Nitrogen Fixation Is by Nitrogenase Complex Page 812

5. Three major reactions in all cells: 1.Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I NH 4 + +HCO 3 - +2ATP  carbamoyl-phosphate +2ADP+P i +2H + 2.Glutamate dehydrogenase 3.Glutamine synthetase The Fate of Ammonium Page 815

6. The Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reaction Page 815

7. The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase Page 815

8. Two principal pathways : 1. The GDH/GS pathway 2.GS/GOGAT in organisms confronting N limitation (GOGAT is glutamate synthase or glutamate:oxo- glutarate amino transferase) The Major Pathways of Ammonium Assimilation Lead to Glutamine Synthesis Page 816

9. The GDH/GS Pathway of Ammonium Assimilation Page 816 GDH: glutamate dehydrogenase GS: glutamine synthetase

10. The GS/GOGAT Pathway of Ammonium Assimilation Page 817

11. The Subunit Organization of Bacterial Glutamine Synthetase Page 818

12. Glutamine Synthetase (GS) in E. coli is regulated in three ways: 1.Feedback inhibition 2.Covalent modification (interconverts between inactive and active forms) 3.Regulation of gene expression Page 817,818 & 820

13. Allosteric Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase by Feedback Inhibition Page 819

14. Covalent Modification of GS: Adenylylation of Tyr397 in the Glutamine Synthetase Page 819

15. The Covalent Modification of GS Page 820

16. Gene Expression Regulates GS Page 820

17. Amino Acids Are Formed from  -keto Acids by Transamination Page 821

18. Human Dietary Requirements for Amino Acids Page 822

19. Amino Acid Biosynthesis Page 822

20. Chapter 25 Synthesis of Amino Acids in Bacteria

21. 1 Page 822

22. Page 816 & 824

23. Urea cycle arginine Page 825

24. See page 831 2 Page 822 & 831

25. Page 830

27. 3 Pyruvate + glutamate  Alanine +  -KG Page 822 See P835 & P836

28. 4 Page 822

32. Page 837

33. The Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) From Methionine Page 833

34. The Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) From Methionine Page 833

35. Page 822 5

36. Page 843 (also called Phenylalanine hydroxylase)

37. Some of the Aromatic Compounds Derived from Chorismate Page 841

38. Some of the Aromatic Compounds Derived from Chorismate Page 840

39. Page 842

40. Page 840 & 844 Histidine Biosynthesis and Purine Biosynthesis Are Connected by Common Intermediate

41. The Urea Cycle Page 827 Orithine transcarbamoylase Argininosuccinate synthetase Argininosuccinase arginase

42. Alanine Transports Ammonia from Muscles to the Liver

44. The TCA Cycle and Urea Cycle Can Be linked

46. Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Herbicides Page 838 *uncompetitive & noncompetitive inhibitor

47. Page 840 Overview of the Catabolism of Amino Acids in Mammals

48. Metabolic Degradation of the Common Amino Acids Page 841 & 845 Asn *glucogenic amino acid *ketogenic amino acid

49. Page 845

50. Page 848

51. Page 849 Maple syrup urine disease (楓漿尿病)

55. Page 849

56. Page 850

58. *Phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿症) Page 843 & 848 Phenylalanine +  -KG transaminase Phenylpyruvate + glutamate (phenylalanine hydroxylase) Aspatame

59. *Alkaptonuria (黑尿症) Page 850 Homogentisate dioxygenase

60. *Maple syrup urine disease (楓漿尿病) (page 846) *Alkaptonuria (黑尿症)(page 848) *Phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿症)(page 848)

62. 1.Ammonotelic 2.Ureotelic 3.Uricotelic Page 850

63. Biomolecules Derived from Amino Acid (from Lehninger P873- 882) Page 854 & 855 1.Porphyrins

64. Page 855

65. Page 856 Aged erythrocyte Jaundice 黄疸

66. Page 858 2.Creatine

67. 3.Glutathione Page 858

69. 4.Neurotransmitters Page 859 & 860

70. 4.Polyamines Page 860 & 861

71. 5.Nitric Oxide

72. phosphodiesterase GMP Viagra 威而鋼 Soluble Guanylyl Cyclases Are Receptors for Nitric Oxide Stripped away (sildenafil)