1. Chapter 20- Industrial Growth 1. Railroads Spur Industry 2. The Rise of Big Business 3. Inventions Change the Nation 4. The Rise of Organized Labor

2. Section1: Railroads Spur Industry The Civil War showed the importance of Railroads The Civil War showed the importance of Railroads * moving troops * moving troops * moving goods and services * moving goods and services Needed a “Network” of railroads to connect the country Needed a “Network” of railroads to connect the country Network- system of connected lines Network- system of connected lines

3. Improving Rail Travel New inventions helped make travel safer and faster: New inventions helped make travel safer and faster: * own brake system and brake operator * own brake system and brake operator * George Westinghouse- new air brake * George Westinghouse- new air brake * Made long travel safer and faster * Made long travel safer and faster Many Railways “Consolidated” Many Railways “Consolidated” 1. Consolidate- combining rail lines into one company (Pennsylvania Railroad Company) 1. Consolidate- combining rail lines into one company (Pennsylvania Railroad Company)

4. Too Much Competition Too many railroads created for not enough people Too many railroads created for not enough people * not enough people moving * not enough people moving * needed to divide into track areas * needed to divide into track areas Pool System- dividing the railroad business in a specific area Pool System- dividing the railroad business in a specific area * fixed prices * fixed prices * better business * better business

5. Railroads Fueling the Economy 1. Rapid Industrial Growth 2. Created thousands of jobs (building) * Lumberjacks * Lumberjacks * Miners * Miners * Transportation * Transportation 3. New ways of Managing Businesses 4. Connected our country * Brought people together * Brought people together

6. The Rise of Big Business Growth of the Steel Industry 1. Bessemer Process- making strong steel at a lower cost 2. Pittsburgh, PA- Steel Capital of the nation and 6 time SUPER BOWL CHAMPIONS 3. Andrew Carnegie’s Steel Empire * Rich owner and businessman in Steel Industry * Rich owner and businessman in Steel Industry * Bought many small companies * Bought many small companies

7. Corporations Corporation- A business that is owned Investors * Corporations sell stock * Corporations sell stock * Stock- shares of the business * Stock- shares of the business * Shareholders- people who own stock * Shareholders- people who own stock * Dividends- what shareholders try to make * Dividends- what shareholders try to make * profits from owning stock * profits from owning stock

8. Rockefeller’s Oil Empire In 1859- Americans discovered oil In 1859- Americans discovered oil * valuable new resource * valuable new resource John D. Rockefeller- built an oil refinery * Refinery- An industry used to purify oil into useful substances (kerosene, heating oils, gas) * Developed the “Standard Oil Trust” * Trust- group of corporations run by a single board of trustees * Trust- group of corporations run by a single board of trustees * Monopoly- controlling all the business in an industry * Monopoly- controlling all the business in an industry

9. For and Against Trusts Against Trusts 1. Reduce competition (No options) 2. Millions of dollars wasted in politics Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)- Banned the formation of trusts and monopolies * too weak to be effective * too weak to be effective

10. For and Against Trusts For Trusts 1. Lower production costs 2. Lower prices 3. Higher wages for workers “It will be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires, for they are the bees that make the most honey, and contribute most to the hive even after they have gorged themselves full” ---- Andrew Carnegie *** Ideas to support Big Business ***

11. Section 3: Inventions Change the Nation

12. Section 4: The Rise of Organized Labor Basic Working Conditions in Factories 1. Long hours 2. Terrible and dangerous conditions 3. Low pay ***Sweatshops*** ***Sweatshops*** ** Workers wanted to “Unite” and take a stand against such conditions

13. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor (1869)- forming unions to protect workers rights * Wanted to try to: * Wanted to try to: 1. Improve working conditions 1. Improve working conditions 2. Higher wages 2. Higher wages 3. Shorter workday 3. Shorter workday 4. End Child Labor 4. End Child Labor 5. Share profits with owner 5. Share profits with owner

14. American Federation of Labor AFL- large organization of many different AFL- large organization of many differentunions * Led the fight for Collective Bargaining * Led the fight for Collective Bargaining * threatened to Strike (Stop working) * threatened to Strike (Stop working) Collective Bargaining- the right of Unions to negotiate treatment of workers as a group * no longer individual workers * no longer individual workers * protected groups of workers (Unions) * protected groups of workers (Unions)

15. Women at Work By 1890- 1 million women worked in factories * Many Women Unions failed * Many Women Unions failed * Little support * Little support Mother Jones Organization- best known case for the woman labor movement * Mary Harris Jones * Mary Harris Jones * Spoke out about terrible working conditions for women and children * Spoke out about terrible working conditions for women and children

16. Hard Times for Organized Labor STRIKE!!!- July 1877 railroad workers STRIKE!!!- July 1877 railroad workers went on strike * Shut down many cities * Shut down many cities * Riots erupted- burning tracks (destruction) * Riots erupted- burning tracks (destruction) Strikes occurred often from the 1870’s to the early 1900’s Strikes occurred often from the 1870’s to the early 1900’s

17. Slow Progress Government usually sided with large Business owners (not the worker!!!) * Unions Struggled to become popular * Unions Struggled to become popular * People were afraid to join them * People were afraid to join them * Owners tried to defeat them * Owners tried to defeat them ** In 1910- only 1 out of every 20 workers was in a Union * Slow progress for the next 30 years * Slow progress for the next 30 years