1. Computer Attitude and Computer Self-Efficacy: A Case Study of Thai Undergraduate Students Jantawan Noiwan Thawatchai Piyawat Anthony F. Norcio HCI International 2005 22-27 July 2005 Las Vegas, Nevada USA

2. Agenda  Research questions  Respondents  Instrumentation  Results Computer and Internet usage Computer and Internet usage Computer attitude Computer attitude Computer self-efficacy Computer self-efficacy  Discussion

3. Research questions  What are the levels of computer attitude and computer self-efficacy?  Are there significant relationships among computer attitude subscales?  Are there significant relationships among computer self-efficacy subscales?  Are there significant relationships among computer attitude subscales and computer self- efficacy subscales?  Do different computer skills affect different levels of computer attitude and computer self-efficacy?

4. Respondents  151 Thai undergraduate students  24% = males and 76 % = females  The average age is 18.36 years old.  The majority of the students (74.2%) are freshmen majoring in accounting.

5. Instrumentation  Thai survey with 5 sections demographic information, demographic information, computer and Internet usage, computer and Internet usage, computer trainings, computer trainings, computer attitude, and computer attitude, and computer self-efficacy computer self-efficacy

6. Instrumentation (Cont’)  To evaluate computer attitudes  Survey developed by Loyd & Loyd (1985)  40 Likert-scale items in four subscales computer anxiety, computer anxiety, computer confidence, computer confidence, computer liking, and computer liking, and computer usefulness computer usefulness  1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree

7. Instrumentation (Cont’)  To measure computer self-efficacy  Survey developed by Kinzie, et al. (1994)  46 questions  Six sub-sections word processing, e-mail, database management, spreadsheet, statistic, and presentation software word processing, e-mail, database management, spreadsheet, statistic, and presentation software  1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree

8. Results - Computer and Internet Usage  43% have neutral typing skills, 43% have slow skills  50% have moderate computer skills, 47% have less skills  30% have 2-3 years of Internet usage, 36% more than 3 yrs  38% use Word once/week  36% use Email once/week  47% use Web once/week  39% use Spreadsheet once/year  66% never use DBMS  89% never use Statistical package  40% use presentation software once/yr

9. Results – Computer Attitude (1) SubscalesMeanSD 1. Computer anxiety3.690.57 2. Computer confidence3.440.46 3. Computer liking3.640.47 4. Computer usefulness4.140.35 Overall3.730.39 Table 1: Mean and SD of Computer Attitude

10. Results – Computer Attitude (2) Table 2: Correlations of Computer Attitude Subscales Variables123 1. Computer anxiety 2. Computer confidence0.77** 3. Computer liking0.72**0.73** 4. Computer usefulness0.42**0.47**0.54** *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

11. Results – Computer Self-Efficacy (1) Table 3: Mean and SD of Computer Self-Efficacy SubscalesMeanSD 1. Word processing software3.850.65 2. E-mail4.090.86 3. Spreadsheet software3.170.92 4. Database management software2.530.96 5. Statistical package2.230.86 6. Presentation software3.381.08 Overall3.280.56

12. Results – Computer Self-Efficacy (2) Table 4: Correlations of Computer Self-Efficacy Subscales Subscales12345 1. Word processing 2. E-mail0.52** 3. Spreadsheet software0.47**0.23** 4. DBMS0.140.120.42** 5. Statistical package-0.070.000.26**0.68** 6. Presentation software0.42**0.27**0.44**0.32**0.31** *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

13. Results – Computer Attitude & Computer Self-Efficacy Table 5: Correlations of Computer Attitude and Computer Self-Efficacy Subscales AnxietyLikingConfidenceUsefulnes Word processing software0.53**0.44**0.49**0.27** E-mail0.48**0.34**0.39**0.21** Spreadsheet software0.40**0.33**0.40**0.15 Database management0.24**0.16**0.25**-0.08 Statistical package0.110.030.07-0.13 Presentation software0.36**0.27**0.35**0.08 *p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001

14. Discussion – Computer Attitude  Respondents possess moderately positive attitudes toward computers.  Novices have lower levels of computer attitude and computer self-efficacy than do moderate- skill users.  Reasonably low anxiety in using computers  High level of perceived usefulness of computers  Tend to like using computers  Need to provide more computer trainings  Maintain students’ positive computer attitudes by providing a pleasant learning environment.

15. Discussion – Computer Self-Efficacy  Respondents possess neutral computer self- efficacy.  Reasonably high levels are found in e-mail and word processing activities.  Moderately low levels are discovered at statistical software and database management software.  Task complexity may influence computer self- efficacy.  Moderate, positive relationships between computer anxiety, computer liking, and computer confidence and self-efficacies in using word processing, e-mail, and spreadsheet are evident.