1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New World Encounters 1

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Native American Histories Before Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Routes of the First Americans

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat –Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species –Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role (ICE AGE and migration )

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution –Introduction of the three sisters:  maize, squash, and beans –Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities  Increase in the food supply  Population expansion in the Southwest and Mississippi Valley  Approximately 4 million natives lived in Mexico with initial encounter of Europeans

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands 2000 years prior to European conquest Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon – present day New Mexico –Sophisticated irrigation canals – water carried long distances –Well-built roads for transportation – connecting with over 70 neighboring villages

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mysterious Disappearances Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley and along Mississippi River –Large ceremonial mounds –Extensive trade network

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mysterious Disappearances Cahokia—Mississippi Valley – 20,000 –Large ceremonial mounds –Far-flung trade network

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northeast, Mississippi River Valley, and Atlantic Seaboard Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages Iroquois (Present day NY and PA): –Adapted to their environment:  Burned forests to hunt and grow crops  Villages were built around maize Iroquois were a matriarchal society: –Power was based on female authority –Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making –Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted Cahokia Indians – near present-day St. Louis (around 30,000 people in 1200) –Built giant mounds –Largest settled community until NY and Philadelphia in 1800

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mysterious Disappearance Both cultures disappeared mysteriously just before the arrival of the Europeans –Climatic changes? –Over population – crippling the food supply? –One thing is for sure:  The breakdown of these cultures caused: Smaller groups of people to form New identities constructed Different political structures formed These would be the first natives the Europeans would encounter along the Atlantic Coast

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Aztec Dominance Agricultural Revolution allowed more structured and complex civilizations to come about Aztecs settled valley of Mexico – 250,000 Center of large, powerful empire - Tenochtitlan Highly-organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force – human sacrifice

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America – less than one million at the time of European conquest Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering and fishing Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers – Algonquin, Powhatan, Narragansett, Abenaki - similar languages different dialects

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands B) Great Plains and Great Basin Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering –Lack of natural resources –Large, flat area that was arid (dry) – Basin –Grassland- Plains With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered –Bison hunting became much easier –Natives with horses became stronger militarily Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep –Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands D) Northwest And Present-Day California Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans –Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging  Gather nuts, fish, and hunted –Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families Chinooks –Advocated warrior traditions –Used advanced fighting techniques –Lived in longhouses which could house many families

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Threats to Survival: Trade Native Americans were eager for European trade They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brought population decline among American Indians Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease –Smallpox –Measles –Influenza Rate as high as 95%

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures –Islam – spread from Arabia into W. Africa –Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires –Mali –Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Trade Routes in Africa

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Beginnings of the Slave Trade Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native African rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860—ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Europe on the Eve of Conquest Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” - Vikings Late fifteenth century- The Renaissance— preconditions for overseas settlement attained –Rise of nation-states –Spread of new technologies – rise of creative thinking –Spread of old knowledge

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Europe on the Eve of Conquest 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces –Spain –France –England “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Imagining a New World Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Myths and Reality Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Myths and Reality 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539–1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540–1542—Coronado explored Southwest

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Voyages of European Exploration

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands European Exploration A) Reasons for European exploration: –Countries sought new sources of wealth – gold and silver –Economic and military competition – glory (defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English) –Spread Christianity – Spain The Spanish often tried to convert Natives to Christianity –Spanish Mission System:  Outposts throughout the Americas to help convert Natives  Outposts were often military bases as well 3 G’s – Gold, Glory, Gospel

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Columbian Exchange B) Columbian Exchange and its impacts –What was it?  The exchange of plants, animals, culture, humans, diseases, etc. between the Americas, Europe, and Africa –Examples of goods:  Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, maize (corn), tomatoes  Europe to the Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen –Impact of exchange?  In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food; increase in wealth; decrease in feudalism and a rise of capitalism  In Africa: Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to be used as slaves in the Americas  In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox and measles), social classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made hunting easier), Encomienda system

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Key Concept 1.2, II Impact of Spanish exploration: –Deadly diseases:  Smallpox, malaria Killed as many as 90% of Natives in some areas – not immune to European diseases –Introduction of new animals and crops:  Horse – transformed Native life on the Great Plains  Crops – wheat, rice, and sugar

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Technology and trade C) Technology and trade –New technology aided exploration:  Sextant – could be used to find exact position on earth – more precise sailing  Caravel, compass, and quadrant improved sailing efficiency –Economic improvements:  Joint-stock companies – used to raise $ for explorations Used in Jamestown (1607)

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors –Large land grants –Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church –Protected Indian rights –Performed mass conversions

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Encomienda System B) Encomienda System Native American labor was marshaled (arranged, assembled) on plantations –The goal was to use labor for agriculture and gain precious metal –Eventually, the encomienda system was replaced by African Slave Labor  New Laws of 1542 outlawed the encomienda system C) Spanish and Portuguese traders acquired slaves from some West African groups –Slaves were used by the Spanish on plantations and mines D) Spanish Caste System: –Incorporated Europeans, Africans, Natives  Europeans were at the top (peninsulares and creoles)  Mestizo and mulatos (mixed European and Native, European and African ancestry)

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Meeting A) Misunderstandings between each group –Gender – many Natives societies were matrilineal –Land – Natives did not own individual land –Religion – Natives believed in animism, polytheistic; shamans held power Some useful aspects of each other’s cultures were eventually adapted: –Natives adapted technology –Europeans adapted agriculture techniques

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Native Resistance & European Impressions B) Native resistance to European encroachment and labor: –Natives sought to preserve political, economic, and religious autonomy (independence, self-rule)  Diplomatically and/or militarily C) Debates over how non-Europeans should be treated: –Many Europeans saw Natives and Africans as “savages”  Juan de Sepulveda: Advocated harsh treatment of Natives Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity  Bartolome de Las Casas: Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men Played an instrumental role in the ending of the encomienda system Contributed to the “Black Legend” –Arguments used to subjugate Africans and Natives?  Racism, religious - spread of Christianity, Natives and Africans were seen as “barbaric”

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands From Plunder to Settlement By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World –Unmarried males intermarried –Mixed-blood population emerged

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The French Claim Canada 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown makes little effort to foster settlement

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The French Claim Canada Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The English Enter the Competition Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Birth of English Protestantism Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance –1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany –1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The English Reformation Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509–1547) strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547–1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553–1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The English Reformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) consolidated English Reformation

48. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation –God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests –Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation –John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence –Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

49. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Militant Protestantism Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe –France—Huguenots –Scotland—Presbyterians –England—Puritans

50. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Woman in Power Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media –Protestant Doctrine –“Catholic” Ritual –Ended religious turmoil in England

51. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Woman in Power Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

52. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated

53. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric –They would view Native Americans the same way

54. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands English Conquest of Ireland Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization –Irish viewed as backward –English under Elizabeth seized Irish land

55. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands English Brutality English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile English employed brutal methods, such as massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish

56. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 –He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

57. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Campaign to Sell America By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization –Claimed that England needs American colonies