2. Scientific Method and Measurement What is science? Science is a METHOD of finding the answers to questions. How do we investigate things? The five senses Sight Sound Smell Touch Taste

3. But First, ? We have to have a Information. Step #1 in Scientific Method: Gather Information. “Why is it like that?” “What is that doing?” “How does this work?” “Are all of Mr. Ellis’s notes this way?”

4. Guess Why. Not just ANY guess, and educated guess. Step #2 in Scientific Method: Form a Question/hypothesis Questions, Hypotheses can be in many different forms. I think 1.( I think…) e.g. I think we are having steak for dinner. If 2.(If..then..) e.g. If we feel the heartbeat, then it is alive. 3.(Statement of cause) e.g. Warts are caused by a virus.

5. Test It! You must find out a way to test the question/hypothesis that you have made. Step #3 in Scientific Method: Procedures Experiment There are many ways to experiment. First: Controlled Experiment Set up with all the factors controlled (as best you can). Experimental Group one The group you are going to change one thing to test it Control Group The group you don’t change anything to compare to the other group.

6. Second:Observation Usually set up when you can’t control factors. Wild animal studies Behavioral studies Independent Variable: The thing you changed in your experiment. Dependent Variable: What happened because you manipulated something.

7. Third: Qualitative Analysis Survey formally or informally about a situation. Used for: Opinions Feelings Attitudes Not often used in Science. Usually reserved for behavioral Sciences: (Psychology, Sociology, Etc.)

8. Analysis Experimenting is a tool,… like a Analysis Analysis of your results is the most important step so far!! This may involve many different things: Graphing results: Mathematical analysis Statistics ΔΣ = 0.32 Step # 4 in Scientific Method: Data Collection Analyze results

9. ..In Conclusion.. Your results should support or not support your Hypothesis Step #5 in Scientific Method: Draw a Conclusion Support your Question/Hypothesis: Validate unsupported: Question/Hypothesis unsupported: Restate TaDa!!! You were correct! You were not correct and need to state another hypothesis. Science never stops with a failure, it learns from it.

10. How do we measure? What is our unit of measure for Weight, Distance, and Volume? Pounds, Feet and Ounces Useless System!!! Metric system The better system! Unit of Weight - Gram Unit of Distance - Meter Unit of Volume - Liter

11. Metric Conversions Unit Gram Meter Liter DECA-HECTA-KILO-deci-centi-milli- How do you do them??? Lets say we have 3.1 grams. How many milligrams is that? 3. 1 (grams) 00 It’s 3,100.0 milligrams No multiplying, no remembering, it’s THAT simple !. Just move the decimal this way…..

12. Can we go up the scale? Sure!!! KILO- HECTA- DECA- Unit deci- centi- milli- How many Kilograms is 14.6 Grams? 41. 600 This way. Now, how many Kiloliters is 136.4 milliliters? 0.0146 Kilograms

13. Examples problem: If I have 2.34 Kilograms (Kg), how many milligrams is it? KILO- HECTA- DECA- Unit deci- centi- milli- Gram Liter Meter 2 3 4.00000000. 0 2,340,000.0 mg

14. Extra Problems: 1.How many cm are in 1.0 Kilometers? 2.If I have a 700ml bottle, how many Liters is it? 3.2,457,789.6 mg is how many Grams? 4.What is the volume in cl of a 4.6 Liter bottle? 5.How many millimeters are in a two liter bottle of soda?

15. If I have a 1.0 ft. by 1.0 ft. by 1.0 ft box (1.0 ft 3), how many gallons of water does it take to fill it? easily We can do it easily in Metric System!!! If my box was 1.0 cm 3,we could fill it with 1.0 ml. of water 1.0 cm 3 = 1.0 ml. Linear volume Liquid volume 7.481 Gal.

16. Measurements and Accuracy Rules: Rule #1 – Each group gets only one (1) meter stick Rule #2 – Groups can NOT combine to measure!!! 1.The Names and height (in cm) of the partners in the group. 2.The volume of the teachers Demonstration Desk in cm 3 (L x W x H) 3.The volume of a GREY file cabinet in cm 3 (L x W x H) 4.The volume of a lab table in cm 3 (L x W x H) 5.The mass of a 12 oz. soda can (full). 6.The mass of a sample of rock. 7.The volume in ml of THAT sample of rock. 8.What is the density of the rock sample? (mass in g over volume in ml) - g/ml = 9.The volume of the wood cabinets on the wall in cm 3 (either side of the room) 10.The area (L x W) of the room in square meters. 11.The volume of the room in cubic meters. 12.The volume of the room in cm 3 (L x W x H) 13.How many two liter bottles would you have to pour in to fill this room ? Remember, ACCURACY IS IMPORTANT

17. 2. Teacher’s Desk - 1,047,217.5 cm 3 3. Grey File Cabinet – 319,142.3 cm 3 4. Lab Table – 873,001.8 cm 3 5. Mass of soda can (full) – 434.3g 6. Mass of rock - ?????????? 7. Volume of rock in ml - ??????????? 8. Density of rock – should be close to 1.6 g/ml 9. Wall Cabinet – East – 586,457.04 cm 3 9. Wall Cabinet – West – 588,000.35 cm 3 10. Area of the room – 138,58 M 2 11. Room in M 3 – 384.84 M 3 12. Room in cm 3 – 384,843,880.2 cm 3 13. 192,421.9 bottles of soda would have to be poured in to fill the room.

18. How to Head paper’ in Mr. Ellis’ class Your whole name Date Title Pre AP Biology Period

19. Scientific Method Quiz Write down the questions on your own paper 1.What is Science? 2.List two of the three types of experiments. 3.When you make an “If.., Then..” or “I think..” statement, what is it? 4.What is the first step in the Scientific Method? 5.Using math, statistics, and producing graphs are all part of what step in the scientific method? 6.What are the five senses that we use to gather information? 7.In experimenting, what is an experimental group? 8.In experimenting, what is an independent variable? 9.What is validating a hypothesis? 10.List the steps of the scientific method.

20. Scientific Method Test Review 1.What is science? 2.Gathering Information 3.Hypothesis/question 4.Controlled experiment 5.Control group 6.Experimental group 7.Independent variable 8.Dependent variable 9. What are the five senses? 10. Qualitative analysis 11. Observational studies 12. Analysis 13. Conclusions 14. Placebo effect 15. Validate hypothesis 16. Restate hypothesis Define the following Answer the following in short answers: 1.What are the steps of the scientific method in order? 2.If I have a person who says “If…., Then…” or “I think”, they are using what part of the scientific method? 3.What part of the method uses math, statistics, and graphing? Metric Conversions: 1.2.34 Kg = ______mg 2.0.234 l = ______ml 3.17.34 Hm= _____Km 4.82.0 ml = _____ cm 3 5.0.0045 Kl = _____ml 6. 1,459.3 Dg = ______mg 7. 32.1 cl = ______Dl 8. 10.34 g= _____ cm 3 9.13.02 Kg = _____ dg 10.45.3 cm 3 = _____ l