1.  Bulk of Italians (really Sicilians) coming to US between 1880-1920 (ca. 4 million)  Lifestyle and Identity prior to migration  Discrimination in US  Development of Fraternal Societies  Impact of Red Scare in early 20 th c.  Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927)  Immigration Restriction Leagues, Eugenics, and Legal Restriction

2.  Prior to 1880s small numbers of “Italians” in US  According to 1850 census 3,645 (living mainly in South)  Some names with which you might recognize: Navigators, Amerigo Vespucci and John Cabot (real name is Gianni Caboto known for having landed in parts of Canada and New England in 1497)

3.  Italy doesn’t exist until 1860s – 1870s; until then a conglomerate of independent states. Mostly Sicilians to US  In absence of a national identity - identity based on village of origin ( campanilismo; from the term, campanile)  Tradition of anti-cleric  Immigrants, mainly from Sicily, carry with them these traditions

4. 1870 map of unified Italy after fall of Papal States

5. Patron St. Celia Patron St. Rocco

7.  Not unlike other ethnic mutual aid societies we have studied  Provide financial assistance (la pieta ), social organization, ethnic solidarity in face of discrimination  E.g., Italo-American National Union (1925); Bank of Napoli—Bank of Italy– until 1928 – Bank of America (founded by Amadeo Pietro Giannini )  Dime Savings, Lithuanian Dollar Savings, etc

8. Impact of Mussolini Bolshevik Revolution Fear of Anarchism in US Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917;1918)

12.  Results in 1921 Emergency Quota Act – 3% of number of foreign born according to 1910 Census, which results in accepting ca. 55% from N. and W. Europe and ca. 45% from other nations (as of 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone excludes all Asians from migrating except for Filipinos and Japanese)  1924 Immigration Restriction Act (Johnson-Reed Act) informed by Eugenics results in 2% of foreign born according to 1890 Census, which was before the arrival of the bulk of S. and E. Europeans. (Leads to 85% N/W European migration). Excludes all Asians except Filipinos.