1. Chapter 8 Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

2.  Vision:  Most movement tasks are initiated as a result of receiving visual information  Helps us to adjust our body in reaction to moving objects and to emulate movements of others  Other senses:  Also influence motor development/performance Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

3.  If you found yourself walking somewhere at night, where there were very few street lights, what senses would you rely on the most to get you to your destination?  Would enjoy the walk? Why or why not? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

4. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

5.  Outgrowth of the forebrain  An inseparable component of the central nervous system  Achieves most but not all of its growth before birth  Slowest structures to develop:  Muscles that control eye movement and dilator muscles of the pupil Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

6.  Postnatal changes in visual attributes:  Visual acuity  Binocular vision and depth perception  Field of vision  Eye dominance  Tracking and object interception Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

7.  The ability to see detail in an object  Static visual acuity—target and performer are stationary  Dynamic visual acuity—ability to see detail in moving objects  May play a key role in motor task performance  Snellen eye chart Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

8.  Age-related macular degeneration  Glaucoma  Cataracts  Diabetic retinopathy  Presbyopia Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

9. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers Healthy vision compared to glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy.

10.  Eye movements are not coordinated at birth  Strabismus  Coordinated eye movements are the basis of binocular vision  Brain uses disparity of information gained from two different images (binocular vision) as a cue for judging depth  Conflicting viewpoints on the role of depth perception in skilled motor performance. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

11.  How much an individual can see while looking straight ahead and not changing the fixation of one’s eye  Peripheral vision (lateral and vertical)  More limited for infants than for adults Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

12.  One eye tends to lead the other in tracking and visual fixation  Unilateral dominance vs. crossed-lateral dominance:  An athlete with crossed-lateral dominance may have advantages in tasks such as batting  Different sports have differing visual demands Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

13.  Watching in order to catch an object  Ocular–motor system  Smooth ocular–motor pursuit system  Saccadic eye-movement system  Coincidence-anticipation  Improves with age  Greatly influenced by practice Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

14.  How well can a person make a motor response to coincide with the arrival of an external object? Depends on:  Object speed  Object predictability  Viewing time  Gender  Age Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

15. The effects of blindness on the motor development/performance of children can be significant  Head and trunk control  Independent sitting  Creeping  Independent walking  Prehension  Play behavior Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

16. Less information is available on other senses that influence motor development/performance  Proprioceptive system  Auditory system  Cutaneous system Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

17.  Allows us to be aware of our movements  Perceive location of body parts without looking at them  Body awareness, spatial awareness, and directional awareness  Sensory receptors:  Muscle spindles  Golgi tendon organs  Vestibular apparatus Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

18.  Auditory stimuli are received, selected, organized, and interpreted  Allows us to hear someone (e.g., another runner in a race) coming up behind us or to hear traffic when walking or running Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

19.  The skin  Tactile sensitivity  Touch, pressure, coldness, warmth, and pain  Important role in motor development/control:  Helps in exploring one’s world  Romberg’s sign disease Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

20.  What are your thoughts when you learn that Beethoven composed his greatest works when he was almost completely deaf, or that a television dancing competition has at least one hearing-impaired contestant?  Does this seem believable to you? Or next to impossible? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

21.  Toddlers react to an apparent visual cliff.react Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers