1. GERMANY the brief history and its political system

2. HISTORY Ancient Germany Ancient Germany The Frankish Kingdom and Empire The Frankish Kingdom and Empire Medieval Germany Medieval Germany Religion and Absolutism Religion and Absolutism Nationalism and Unification Nationalism and Unification Imperial Germany Imperial Germany Weimar and Nazi Germany Weimar and Nazi Germany Division and Reunification Division and Reunification

3. ANCIENT GERMANY GERMANIA GERMANIC TRIBES JULIUS CAESAR

4. THE FRANKISH KINGDOM AND EMPIRE (481-919) Merovingian Dynasty Carolingian Dynasty

5. CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE

6. RISE OF FEUDALISM EMPIRE CHARLEMAGNE’S HEIRS DUKES GERMAN PRINCES

7. MEDIEVAL GERMANY (911-1517) Ottonian Dynasty Ottonian Dynasty Hohenstaufen Dynasty Hohenstaufen Dynasty Rise of the Habsburgs Rise of the Habsburgs

8. RELIGION AND ABSOLUTISM (1517-1789) Martin Luther Martin Luther Thirty Years’ War Thirty Years’ War

9. NATIONALISM AND UNIFICATION (1789-1871) OTTO VON BISMARCK

10. GERMAN CONFEDERATION

11. GERMAN EMPIRE (1871)

12. IMPERIAL GERMANY World War I World War I Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

14. WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY (1918-1945) Weimar Republic Weimar Republic Nazi Party Nazi Party World War II World War II

16. DIVISION AND REUNIFICATION (1945-1990) Iron Curtain Iron Curtain Cold War Cold War

18. PRESENT GERMANY

19. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Nationalism Nationalism Fascism Fascism Liberalism Liberalism

20. What accounts for the remarkable failure of democratic ideas and institutions to take hold from within Germany itself? The ambivalence of liberal ideology in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Germany, which could not overcome state institutions characterized by authoritarian governments and a weak parliamentary tradition The ambivalence of liberal ideology in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Germany, which could not overcome state institutions characterized by authoritarian governments and a weak parliamentary tradition The weakness of support for democracy among German elites and the middle class The weakness of support for democracy among German elites and the middle class A preference for a state-dominated economy rather than private enterprise A preference for a state-dominated economy rather than private enterprise

21. The antidemocratic and ethnic biases of German nationalism, contributing to a nondemocratic political culture The antidemocratic and ethnic biases of German nationalism, contributing to a nondemocratic political culture A national unity problem marked by the relative lateness of the creation of a central German state, a process that was finally accomplished by forces opposed to democracy A national unity problem marked by the relative lateness of the creation of a central German state, a process that was finally accomplished by forces opposed to democracy difficulties promoting national wealth because of the absence of a central German state before 1871, the high costs of World War I, and severe economic problems during the Weimar Republic difficulties promoting national wealth because of the absence of a central German state before 1871, the high costs of World War I, and severe economic problems during the Weimar Republic The existence of a large number of disadvantaged workers, some of whom gravitated to antidemocratic parties like the Communists and the Nazis The existence of a large number of disadvantaged workers, some of whom gravitated to antidemocratic parties like the Communists and the Nazis

22. A violent international environment promoted by the hypernationalism of German elites A violent international environment promoted by the hypernationalism of German elites Although pre-Hitler Germany had a relatively homogeneous population and a superb system of education for its elites, these factors alone were not sufficient to build or sustain a democracy.

23. POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR