1. 1 Bell Work 1.What is the scientific method? 2.What are you in contact with as you sit at your desk? Make a list. 3.How could you prevent any transfer of material?

2. 2 Introduction to Forensic Science and the Law Ch.1

3. 3 Why are you getting lab-based science credit for this class? It’s all about the scientific method, baby. Observe a problem or questioned evidence and collect objective data. Consider a hypothesis or possible solution. Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence. Determine the significance of the evidence. Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence. Deductive & inductive reasoning Critical thinking

4. 4 Objectives You will understand: −How crime labs in the United States are organized and what services they provide. −The growth and development of forensic science through history. −Federal rules of evidence, including the Frye standard and the Daubert ruling. −Basic types of law in the criminal justice system. You will be able to: −Describe how the scientific method is used to solve forensic problems. −Describe different jobs done by forensic scientists and the experts they consult.

5. 5 What is forensic science? The study _______________________________________ _______________ Includes the business of providing __________, _________, and thorough __________to all levels of ______________________in our criminal justice system

6. 6 Basic Crime Lab Functions May be government-run at ______________, ___________, or ___________ level, or they can be __________ consulting businesses. Physical science unit − __________________ − Physics − __________________ Biology unit ______________ and ___________unit Document examination unit Photography unit The most common types of evidence examined are __________, ____________, and __________________.

7. 7 “Upgraded” Crime Lab Functions ________________ Polygraph Voiceprint analysis __________ collection Engineering Cybertechnology Geology ________________ __ _______________ Voiceprint analysis Pathology _______________ Psychiatry ________________

8. 8 Not so much.

9. 9 Federal Crime Labs FBI DEA ATF USDA FDA Coast Guard NCIS Regional US Army Criminal Investigation

10. 10 Federal Crime Labs Secret Service U.S. Border Patrol US Postal Service US Fish & Wildlife DoD Computer Forensics CIA Computer Forensics

11. 11 Basic Principle of Forensic Science: Locard Principle ______________(1877–1966) French professor Considered the father of ________________________ Built the world’s first forensic laboratory in France in ______ _______________________: −Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, there is always a transfer of material.

12. 12 The Crime Scene Team Team members: −First police officer on the scene −Medics (if necessary) −Investigators −Medical examiner or representative (if necessary) −Photographer and/or field evidence technician −Lab experts: pathologistserologist DNA experttoxicologist forensic odontologistforensic anthropologist forensic psychologistforensic entomologist firearm examinerbomb and arson experts document and handwriting expertsfingerprint expert

13. 13 Types of Crimes ________________: minor offense or petty crime; penalty is usually a fine _________________: minor crime punishable by fine or jail ______________: major crime punishable by fines and/or more than one year in prison

14. 14 Types of Law We Will Encounter ____________________ law* ___________law* ____________ law or case law* __________ law Equity law Administrative law

15. 15 The Bill of Rights 1 st Amendment: Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, right to petition 2 nd Amendment : Militia, right to bear arms 3 rd Amendment: Quartering of Troops 4 th Amendment: Protection from unreasonable search and seizure 5 th Amendment: Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain 6 th Amendment: Trial by jury, rights of the accused, speedy trial, public trial, confrontation, right to counsel 7 th Amendment: civil trial by jury 8 th Amendment: prohibition of excessive bail, cruel & unusal punishment 9 th Amendment: enumeration of rights 10 th Amendment: powers of states and people

16. 16 Miranda Rights At a minimum: −_____________________________________ _____________________________________ −_____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ −right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you.

17. 17 Admissibility of Evidence: Federal Rules of Evidence Evidence has to be __________________ In order for scientific evidence to be __________ in a court of law, it must be: −______________: actually proves something −______________: addresses an issue that is relevant to the particular crime

18. 18 Admissibility of Evidence: Frye Standard ______________________________, 1923 Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it is generally accepted by the___________scientific community. −The Frye standard ___________offer any guidance on reliability. −The evidence is presented in the trial and ________________if it can be used.

19. 19 Admissibility of Evidence: Daubert __________________________________, 1993 The ___________ decides if the evidence can be entered into the trial. Admissibility is ___________ by: −Whether the theory or technique can be __________ −Whether the science has been offered for ____ review −Whether the rate of error is _______________ −Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread _______________ −Whether the theory or technique follows ___________

20. 20 Expert Witness ______________________________________. Functions in court: −Establish credibility through __________, background ________________. −________________ evidence. −Render an ________ about the evidence. −The judge may __________ or ___________ the opinion’s significance.

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22. 22 Facets of Guilt: Prove it! To prove a case, the “___________” must be established; it must be shown that the suspect had: −____________—person had a reason to do the crime (not necessary to prove in a court of law) −____________—person had the ability to do the crime −__________________—person can be placed at the crime scene

23. 23 So What Do You Think? A man took a slug of what he thought was whiskey. It wasn’t. It was concentrated sulfuric acid. Was a crime committed?