1. Spanish Speaking Countries of South America

3. Los Países Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Peru Bolivia Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Peru Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Argentina Chile

4. Venezuela Formal Name- República Bolivariana de Venezuela slightly more than twice the size of California Capital—Caracas Location--Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana

5. Los Hechos Climate- –tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Terrain- –Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast Climate- –tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands Terrain- –Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast Natural resources- –petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds Natural Hazards- –subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts

6. Mas Hechos Population- –26,414,815 Nationality- – Venezuelan Ethnic Groups- –Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people Population- –26,414,815 Nationality- – Venezuelan Ethnic Groups- –Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people Religion- –nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2% Languages- –Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

7. 23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); –Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands 23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); –Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands

8. La Bandera Adopted March 13, 2006 The Venezuela flag, with yellow, blue & red stripes of equal width, was introduced in 1836 and has since undergone several modifications in the arms and the arrangement of the stars. The seven stars represent the seven provinces that began the fight for independence. In 2006, the 8th star was added to honor Simon Bolivar. The emblems on the arms symbolize the unity of the 20 provinces (a wheatsheaf with 20 ears), the struggle for independence (flags and weapons) and liberty (a running horse) which is running toward the left of the shield in order to symbolize twenty-first century socialism. The cornucopias stand for the country's wealth and prosperity, and the wreath of laurel and palm is a symbol of glory and peace. The Venezuela flag, with yellow, blue & red stripes of equal width, was introduced in 1836 and has since undergone several modifications in the arms and the arrangement of the stars. The seven stars represent the seven provinces that began the fight for independence. In 2006, the 8th star was added to honor Simon Bolivar. The emblems on the arms symbolize the unity of the 20 provinces (a wheatsheaf with 20 ears), the struggle for independence (flags and weapons) and liberty (a running horse) which is running toward the left of the shield in order to symbolize twenty-first century socialism. The cornucopias stand for the country's wealth and prosperity, and the wreath of laurel and palm is a symbol of glory and peace.

9. El Gobierno Government- –federal republic Independence- –5 July 1811 (from Spain) National Holiday- –Independence Day, 5 July (1811) Constitution Day- –30 December 1999 Government- –federal republic Independence- –5 July 1811 (from Spain) National Holiday- –Independence Day, 5 July (1811) Constitution Day- –30 December 1999

10. El Presidente Elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); Election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012) In 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that increased the presidential term to six years Elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); Election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012) In 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that increased the presidential term to six years President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999)

11. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$12,800 Population Below Poverty- –37.9% Currency- –bolivar (VEB) Exchange- –bolivares per US dollar - 2,147 Per Capita Income- –$12,800 Population Below Poverty- –37.9% Currency- –bolivar (VEB) Exchange- –bolivares per US dollar - 2,147

14. Unleaded Gas is $0.49 per gallon Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90% of export earnings. Unleaded Gas is $0.49 per gallon Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90% of export earnings.

15. Colombia slightly less than twice the size of Texas Capital- Bogotá Location- –Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama slightly less than twice the size of Texas Capital- Bogotá Location- –Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama

16. Los Hechos Climate- –tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Terrain- –flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains Climate- –tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands Terrain- –flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains Natural resources- –petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower Natural Hazards- –highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts

17. Mas Hechos Population- –45,013,674 Nationality- – Colombian Ethnic Groups- –mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black- Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1% Population- –45,013,674 Nationality- – Colombian Ethnic Groups- –mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black- Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1% Religion- –Roman Catholic 90%, other 10% Language- –Spanish

18. 32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); –Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands 32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); –Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands

19. La Bandera 26 November 1861 The symbolism of the Colombian flag colors are as follows: The Yellow, for the sun and land of the people. The Blue, for the water that holds up the people and finally, the red, for the blood shed of the people who fought for the independence of Colombia. The symbolism of the Colombian flag colors are as follows: The Yellow, for the sun and land of the people. The Blue, for the water that holds up the people and finally, the red, for the blood shed of the people who fought for the independence of Colombia.

20. El Gobierno Government- –republic; executive branch dominates government structure Independence- –20 July 1810 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –5 July 1991 Government- –republic; executive branch dominates government structure Independence- –20 July 1810 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –5 July 1991

21. El Presidente President and vice president elected by popular vote for a four- year term (eligible for a second term). Election last held 28 May 2010 President and vice president elected by popular vote for a four- year term (eligible for a second term). Election last held 28 May 2010 President Juan Manuel SANTOS Calderon (since 7 August 2010

22. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$7,200 Population Below Poverty- –49.2% (2005) Currency- –Colombian peso (COP) Exchange- –Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,013.8 (2007), Per Capita Income- –$7,200 Population Below Poverty- –49.2% (2005) Currency- –Colombian peso (COP) Exchange- –Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,013.8 (2007),

24. Ecuador slightly smaller than Nevada Capital- Quito Location- –Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru slightly smaller than Nevada Capital- Quito Location- –Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru

25. Los Hechos Climate- –tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands Terrain- –coastal plain (costa), inter- Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente) Climate- –tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands Terrain- –coastal plain (costa), inter- Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente) Natural resources- –petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower Natural Hazards- –frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts

26. Mas Hechos Population- –13,927,650 (July 2008 est.) Nationality- – Ecuadorian Ethnic Groups- –mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3% Population- –13,927,650 (July 2008 est.) Nationality- – Ecuadorian Ethnic Groups- –mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3% Religion- –Roman Catholic 95%, other 5% Language- –Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

27. 24 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) – Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe 24 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) – Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe

28. La Bandera September 26, 1860 The red in the Ecuador flag represents the blood shed by the soldiers and martyrs in the battles for independence. The color blue stands for the color of the sea and sky. The yellow symbolizes the abundance and fertility of the nation's crops and land. The red in the Ecuador flag represents the blood shed by the soldiers and martyrs in the battles for independence. The color blue stands for the color of the sea and sky. The yellow symbolizes the abundance and fertility of the nation's crops and land.

29. El Gobierno Government- –Republic Independence- –24 May 1822 (from Spain) National Holiday- –Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809) Constitution Day- –10 August 1998 Government- –Republic Independence- –24 May 1822 (from Spain) National Holiday- –Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809) Constitution Day- –10 August 1998

30. El Presidente President and vice president are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term Election last held 15 October 2006 with a runoff election on 26 November 2006 President and vice president are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term Election last held 15 October 2006 with a runoff election on 26 November 2006 President Rafael CORREA Delgado (Since 2007)

31. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$7,100 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –38.3% (2006) Currency- –US dollar (USD) Per Capita Income- –$7,100 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –38.3% (2006) Currency- –US dollar (USD)

33. Peru slightly smaller than Alaska Capital- Lima Location- –Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador slightly smaller than Alaska Capital- Lima Location- –Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

34. Los Hechos Climate- –varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Terrain- –western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) Climate- –varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Terrain- –western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) Natural resources- –copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas Natural Hazards- –earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

35. Mas Hechos Population- –29,180,899 (July 2008 est.) Nationality- Peruvian Ethnic Groups- –Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% Population- –29,180,899 (July 2008 est.) Nationality- Peruvian Ethnic Groups- –Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% Religion- –Roman Catholic 81%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, other Christian 0.7%, other 0.6%, unspecified or none 16.3% (2003 est.) Language- –Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages

36. 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia) – Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia) – Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

37. La Bandera February 25, 1825 The red stripes represent the blood spilt for Peruvian freedom; while the white stands for peace. Peru also has a state flag which incorporates the shield from the national coat of arms in the middle of the flag. The red stripes represent the blood spilt for Peruvian freedom; while the white stands for peace. Peru also has a state flag which incorporates the shield from the national coat of arms in the middle of the flag.

38. A laurel branch on its left and an olive one on its right, tied by a red and white ribbon, as well as a holm oak Civic Crown above it. These represent victory and glory.laureloliveholm oak Civic Crown El Gobierno Government- –constitutional republic Independence- –28 July 1821 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –29 December 1993 Government- –constitutional republic Independence- –28 July 1821 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –29 December 1993

39. El Presidente President elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a nonconsecutive reelection) Presidential and congressional elections held 9 April 2006 with runoff election held 4 June 2006; next to be held in April 2011 President elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a nonconsecutive reelection) Presidential and congressional elections held 9 April 2006 with runoff election held 4 June 2006; next to be held in April 2011 President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011)

40. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$7,600 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –44.5% (2006) Currency- –nuevo sol (PEN) Exchange- –nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.1731 (2007) Per Capita Income- –$7,600 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –44.5% (2006) Currency- –nuevo sol (PEN) Exchange- –nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.1731 (2007)

42. Bolivia slightly less than three times the size of Montana Capital- La Paz Location- –Central South America, southwest of Brazil slightly less than three times the size of Montana Capital- La Paz Location- –Central South America, southwest of Brazil

43. Los Hechos Climate- –varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Terrain- –rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin Climate- –varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid Terrain- –rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin Natural resources- –tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower Natural Hazards- –flooding in the northeast (March-April)

44. Mas Hechos Population- –9,247,816 (July 2008 est.) Nationality- Bolivian Ethnic Groups- –Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15% Population- –9,247,816 (July 2008 est.) Nationality- Bolivian Ethnic Groups- –Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15% Religion- –Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) 5% Language- –Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

45. 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) – Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) – Beni, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

46. La Bandera Oct. 31, 1851 The red on the Bolivian flag represents the bravery of the Bolivian soldier. The green symbolizes the fertility of the land and the yellow represents the country's mineral resources. A central crest surrounded by Bolivian flags, muskets, laurel branches, and has an Andean condor on top.Bolivian flags musketsAndean condor The red on the Bolivian flag represents the bravery of the Bolivian soldier. The green symbolizes the fertility of the land and the yellow represents the country's mineral resources. A central crest surrounded by Bolivian flags, muskets, laurel branches, and has an Andean condor on top.Bolivian flags musketsAndean condor

47. El Gobierno Government- –republic Independence- –6 August 1825 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; possible referendum on new constitution to be held in 2008 Government- –republic Independence- –6 August 1825 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; possible referendum on new constitution to be held in 2008 A central crest surrounded by Bolivian flags, muskets, laurel branches, and has an Andean condor on top. Bolivian flags musketsAndean condor

48. El Presidente President and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single five-year term. Election last held 18 December 2005 President and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single five-year term. Election last held 18 December 2005 President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22 January 2006)

49. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$4,400 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –60% (2006 est.) Currency- –boliviano (BOB) Exchange- –bolivianos per US dollar - 7.8616 (2007) Per Capita Income- –$4,400 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –60% (2006 est.) Currency- –boliviano (BOB) Exchange- –bolivianos per US dollar - 7.8616 (2007)

51. Paraguay slightly smaller than California Capital-Asuncion Location-Central South America, northeast of Argentina slightly smaller than California Capital-Asuncion Location-Central South America, northeast of Argentina

52. Los Hechos Climate- –subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Terrain- –grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere Climate- –subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west Terrain- –grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere Natural resources- –hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone Natural Hazards- –local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)

53. Mas Hechos Population- –6,831,306 Nationality- Paraguayan Ethnic Groups- –mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5% Population- –6,831,306 Nationality- Paraguayan Ethnic Groups- –mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5% Religion- –Roman Catholic 89.6%, Protestant 6.2%, other Christian 1.1%, other or unspecified 1.9%, none 1.1% (2002 census) Language- –Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

54. 17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital city*; –Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro 17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital city*; –Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro

55. La Bandera 1842 The flag is modeled after the colors and shape of the French Tricolore, and represent liberation.

56. El Gobierno Government- –constitutional republic Independence- –14 May 1811 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –promulgated 20 June 1992 Government- –constitutional republic Independence- –14 May 1811 (from Spain) Constitution Day- –promulgated 20 June 1992

57. El Presidente President and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single five-year term President Fernando Armindo LUGO Mendez (since 15 August 2008)

58. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$4,000 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –32% (2005 est.) Currency- –guarani (PYG) Exchange- –guarani per US dollar - 5,031 (2007) Per Capita Income- –$4,000 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –32% (2005 est.) Currency- –guarani (PYG) Exchange- –guarani per US dollar - 5,031 (2007)

60. Uruguay slightly smaller than the state of Washington Capital-Montevideo Location-Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil slightly smaller than the state of Washington Capital-Montevideo Location-Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil

61. Los Hechos Climate- –warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Terrain- –mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland Natural resources- –arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries Climate- –warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown Terrain- –mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland Natural resources- –arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries Natural Hazards- –seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional violent wind that blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts

62. Mas Hechos Population- –3,477,778 Nationality- Uruguayan Ethnic Groups- –white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent) Population- –3,477,778 Nationality- Uruguayan Ethnic Groups- –white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent) Religion- –Roman Catholic 66% (less than half of the adult population attends church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, nonprofessing or other 31% Language- –Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese- Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)

63. 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); – Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); – Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres

64. La Bandera July 11, 1830 The sun emblem is the 'Sun of May'; it is a symbol of freedom and independence. The nine stripes represent the nine provinces of Uruguay, which existed at the time of the flags creation. The sun emblem is the 'Sun of May'; it is a symbol of freedom and independence. The nine stripes represent the nine provinces of Uruguay, which existed at the time of the flags creation.

65. El Gobierno Government- –constitutional republic Independence- –25 August 1825 (from Brazil) Government- –constitutional republic Independence- –25 August 1825 (from Brazil) Constitution Day-27 November 1966, effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997

66. El Presidente President and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five- year terms (may not serve consecutive terms); Election last held 31 October 2009 President and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five- year terms (may not serve consecutive terms); Election last held 31 October 2009 President Jose "Pepe" MUJICA Cordano (since 1 March 2010)

67. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$10,700 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –27.4% of households (2006) Currency- –Uruguayan peso (UYU) Exchange- –Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 23.947 (2007) Per Capita Income- –$10,700 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –27.4% of households (2006) Currency- –Uruguayan peso (UYU) Exchange- –Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 23.947 (2007)

69. Argentina slightly less than three- tenths the size of the US Capital- Buenos Aires Location- Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay slightly less than three- tenths the size of the US Capital- Buenos Aires Location- Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay

70. Los Hechos Climate- –mostly temperate; arid in southeast; sub-antarctic in southwest Terrain- –rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border Climate- –mostly temperate; arid in southeast; sub-antarctic in southwest Terrain- –rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border Natural resources- –fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium Natural Hazards- –San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding

71. Mas Hechos Population- –40,677,348 Nationality- Argentine Ethnic Groups- –white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non- white groups 3% Population- –40,677,348 Nationality- Argentine Ethnic Groups- –white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non- white groups 3% Religion- –nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4% Language- –Spanish (official), Italian, English, German, French

72. 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city* (distrito federal); –Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Capital Federal*, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur, Tucuman note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 autonomous city* (distrito federal); –Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Capital Federal*, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur, Tucuman note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica

73. La Bandera Feb. 25, 1818 One theory states that the blue represents the Rio de la Plata, (River of Silver) which is the widest river in the world and that the white represents the metal silver, as the word Argentina originates from the Latin word 'Argentum' which means silver. Early conquerors thought there were large quantities of silver hidden in Argentine's river's banks.

74. El Gobierno Government- –republic Independence- –9 July 1816 (from Spain) Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) Government- –republic Independence- –9 July 1816 (from Spain) Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) Constitution Day- 1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860

75. El Presidente President and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since 10 December 2007)

76. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$13,000 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –23.4% (January-June 2007) Currency- –Argentine peso (ARS) Exchange- –Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.1105 (2007), Per Capita Income- –$13,000 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –23.4% (January-June 2007) Currency- –Argentine peso (ARS) Exchange- –Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.1105 (2007),

78. Chile slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana Capital- Santiago Location -Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana Capital- Santiago Location -Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Argentina and Peru

79. Los Hechos Climate- –temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Terrain- –low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east Climate- –temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south Terrain- –low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east Natural resources- –copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower Natural Hazards- –severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis

80. Mas Hechos Population- –16,454,143 Nationality- Chilean Ethnic Groups- –white and white- Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2% Population- –16,454,143 Nationality- Chilean Ethnic Groups- –white and white- Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2% Religion- –Roman Catholic 70%, Evangelical 15.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.1%, other Christian 1%, other 4.6%, none 8.3% (2002 census) Language- –Spanish (official), Mapudungun, German, English

81. 15 regions (regiones, singular - region); –Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica 15 regions (regiones, singular - region); –Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

82. La Bandera October 18, 1817 The red stripe represents the blood of patriots who fought for Chile's independence. The white stripe symbolizes the snow of the Andes Mountains; while the blue stripe represents the sky. The star on the flag stresses the fact that Chile is a Unitarian republic, and not a federal republic.

83. El Gobierno Government- –republic Independence- –18 September 1810 (from Spain) Government- –republic Independence- –18 September 1810 (from Spain) Constitution Day- 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005

84. El Presidente President elected by popular vote for a single four-year term; Election last held 11 December 2005, with runoff election held 15 January 2006 President elected by popular vote for a single four-year term; Election last held 11 December 2005, with runoff election held 15 January 2006 President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2010)

85. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$14,400 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –18.2% (2005) Currency- –Chilean peso (CLP) Exchange- –Chilean pesos per US dollar - 526.25 (2007) Per Capita Income- –$14,400 (2007 est.) Population Below Poverty- –18.2% (2005) Currency- –Chilean peso (CLP) Exchange- –Chilean pesos per US dollar - 526.25 (2007)

87. Equatorial Guinea The Only Spanish Speaking Country in Africa… The Only Spanish Speaking Country in Africa…

88. Equatorial Guinea slightly smaller than Maryland Capital --Malabo Location:Location Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Cameroon and Gabon

89. Los Hechos Climate: tropical; always hot, humid Terrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic Climate: tropical; always hot, humid Terrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic Natural Resources petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay Natural hazard violent windstorms; flash floods-volcanism: Santa Isabel (elev. 3,007 m, 9,865 ft), which last erupted in 1923, is the country's only historically active volcano; Santa Isabel, along with two dormant volcanoes, forms Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea

90. Más Hechos Population: 668,225 (July 2011 est.) Nationality: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) Ethic Groups: Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census) Population: 668,225 (July 2011 est.) Nationality: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) Ethic Groups: Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census) Religion: nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan practices Language: Spanish (official) 67.6%, other (includes French (official), Fang, Bubi) 32.4%

91. Administrative Divisions 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas

92. La Bandera three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice); green symbolizes the jungle and natural resources, blue represents the sea that connects the mainland to the islands, white stands for peace, and red recalls the fight for independence

93. El Gobierno Government Republic Government Republic Independence 12 October 1968 (from Spain) Constitution approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995

94. El Presidente President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup) Head of Government: Prime Minister Ignacio MILAM Tang (since 8 July 2008); Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

95. Elections President elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (no term limits); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president Election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president; percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 95.8%, Placido Mico ABOGO 3.6% note: Parliament has little power since the constitution vests all executive authority in the president President elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (no term limits); election last held on 29 November 2009 (next to be held in 2016); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president Election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president; percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 95.8%, Placido Mico ABOGO 3.6% note: Parliament has little power since the constitution vests all executive authority in the president

96. El Dinero Per Capita Income- –$37,900 (2010 est.) Population Below Poverty- –NA% Currency- –Afrique Centrale francs Exchange- –495.28 (2010) note: data are in 2010 US dollars; population figures are uncertain for Equatorial Guinea; these per capita income figures are based on a estimated population of less than 700,000; some estimates put the figure as high as 1.2 million people; if true, the per capita GDP figures would be significantly lower

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