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Pharmaceutical Science
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1-Dosage Forms3-Legal Schedules2-Brand And Generics
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-Medications consist of very small quantity of “Active ingredient” and big quantity of inactive ingredients. -Dosage forms are active ingredient in certain shapes in order to improve stability, taste, absorption and availability.
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Oral Solid Oral liquid ParentallyTopical Miscellaneous
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Tablets are solid dosage forms that varied in shape,color and size. Mostly tablets are swallowed completely with water or divided into parts.
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1-Regular(Immediate action) 2-Chewable. 3-Effervesnt 4-Enteric coated. 5-Controlled release. 6-Lozgnes.
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LA: Long acting SA: sustained Action SR: Sustained release TR: Time release
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They consist of 2 parts the shell and the medication. It could carry either powders or liquid form of medication. The shell is made from gelatin or Methyl cellulose. Could be One piece or 2 pieces.the body and the cap.
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-It is much preferred than Tablets. -It is used to deliver medications which is: 1-Couldn’t be compressed into tablets. 2-Bad taste. 3-Unstable.
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-Includes any liquid medication taken by mouth. -Most of these medications are dissolved in water but in some times made in Alcohol medium. -Like tablets they contain also inactive ingredients like sugar and color.
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1-Solutions. 2-Suspensions(shake) 3-Emulsion(shake) 4-Elixirs 5-Syrups 6-Reconstituting powder. (shake)
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-These are Liquids and semisolids used for skin treatment. -They include medications for Eye, ear, skin plus vaginal and rectal areas (applicators) -Toxic if swallowed and therefore we always write the warning For External uses only (For External uses only).
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1-Creams. 2-Ointements. 3-Lotions. 4-Gels 5-Suppositories. 6-Eye and Ear Drops 7-Transdaermal (fentanyl)Patches
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*Creams and ointments could be available in tubes or big jars *Some are need to be compounded like Diclo 10%
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-These are the fastest dosage forms and most critical one. -Should be given only by a certified medical professionals (Doc- Nurse-pharmacists). -This group includes vitamins, vaccines, insulin, life savers medications and in patient medications. -It needs certain syringes according to the type and the volume. -It can be taken Iv, IM, Sc, infusion or IC etc... -Could be made in Ampoules, bags or vials(one or multi use) -Some are available in ready to inject pen form like Epipen Lantus solostar or Lovenox
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Inhalers and sprays: These are another dosage forms to deliver medications by spraying. Ex: Nasal spray-Topical sprays-Inhalers
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Prescription Containers and Labels
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-Containers used to dispense medications to patients. -Vials, Bottles,ointment jars and blister packs are the most common containers for medication dispensing. -It should protect the medication from light and atmosphere.
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-These are cylinder shape containers for packaging capsules and tablets. -Mostly they are amber (Dark) in color to protect medication from light effects. -Various sizes are available staring from 8 till 32.
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-They are designed for liquid dosage forms. -They also made from amber or dark color to protect the medication from light. -Different sizes are available from 2 oz till 16 oz -They are marked with roman letters to show the volume from one side and the other side have marks with millimeters and Oz.
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They are used to fill semi-solid dosage forms. There are in different sizes. Remember: Use the most efficient size when you fill a rx.
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-There are 2 types of bottles and vials caps: Easy opened and Child resistant. -All Rx medication are dispenses in child resistant caps except if patients asked for the easy opened type. -Some medications are never dispensed in child resistant caps like: 1-Medication with their original package. 2-Emergeny medication. 3-Birth control.
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Federal Legislation and Drug Scheduling
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Scheduled 1 Scheduled 2 Scheduled 3 Unscheduled drugs
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Drugs in this scheduled : Require Rx for dispensing Must be stored and sold in the dispensary of the pharmacy where can’t access by the public Ex: Antibiotics like Amoxicillin
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Drugs in this schedule: Don’t require Rx to be dispensed Must be sold by a licensed pharmacy by a pharmacist or under the direction of a pharmacist. Must be stored and sold in the dispensary of the pharmacy where can’t access by the public. Ex:Insulin-Syringes
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Drugs in this schedule: Don’t require Rx to be sold to customers Must by sold by a pharmacy only. Must be stored in the patient service area Ex: Visine- Benadryl
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Can be sold in any retail outlet and doesn’t need a professional supervision. Ex:Tylenol
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Brands and Generics
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Medications names are 2 types: 1-Brand Names: - Is the given name of certain product at the beginning of introducing it in the market as a new medication. -The patent period is the period in which the mother company of the medication has the right to be the sole supplier of this product(20 Years) -At the end of this period, it is allowed to all the other companies to produce the same medication under the Generic name Ex: Tylenol-Motrin-Polysporin
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- Is the name of the active ingredient of the medication. -Any manufacture could offer it after the end of the patent period. -The quality of these products is equal to the quality of the name brands as they are applying the FDA rules. -These medication are always less in price than the brand names because they don’t cost the customer the R & D costs. -Most of the insurance companies refuse the uses of the brand names medication in the presence of the Generics for the same medication. Ex: Acetaminophen- Ibuprofen- Cough drops.
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-Doctors always write generics in their Rx for old medications. -They may write the brand name in the Rx but you still can dispense the generic. But When Doc write DAW in Rx: DAW=Dispense as written -In this case you have to dispense the Brand name.
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Drug Labels
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-Medications are offered in a commercial packages to the pharmacy. -Health Canada requires all Drug’s Labels to have certain information. -
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1-Brand name 2-Generic name 3-Medication strength. 4-The Legend statement. 5-Storge requirements. 6-Dosage Form. 7-Quantity 8-C mark 9-Manfacture name 10-Lot Number 11-Expiration date. 12-NDC number (National Drug Code)
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DIN 00000000 A Drug Identification Number (DIN) is a computer-generated eight digit number assigned by Health Canada to a drug product prior to being marketed in Canada. A DIN uniquely identifies the following product characteristics: manufacturer; product name; active ingredient(s); strength(s) of active ingredient(s); pharmaceutical form; route of administration.
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DIN is assigned to all authorized prescription and over-the-counter drugs.
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NPN 00000000 It is 8 digit unique number for every approved natural product used in Canada. Could be sold in pharmacy, groceries, outlets and natural products retails.
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