1. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
MIPS 3000 Assembly Programming
Part 2 (Load, Store, data types and sys-calls)
Department of Computer Science
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Summer, 2016
Dr. Hiroshi Fujinoki
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2. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Execution of a simple C/C++ statement by assembly instructions
C/C++ statement
Assembly instructions
LW $S1, (address of B)
A = B + C;
LW $S2, (address of C)
ADD $S3, $S2, $S1
Processor
Memory
SW $S3, (address of A)
ALU
(Arithmetic Logic
Unit) B C A
LW (Load Word) +
B+C
LW (Load Word) S1 S2 S3 B C
SW (Store Word)
Processor
Registers
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3. In the first programming
CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Different types of “LOAD” (and “STORE”) instructions
 li (load immediate)
 la (load address)
 lb (load byte)
 lw (load word)
In the first programming
assignment, we need to
use these three “load”
instructions
 lhw (load half-word)
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4. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
 li (load immediate)
How does this
processor handle
this number?
= Load a constant (immediate) to a MIPS bit register
As a 2’s complement
signed integer
Example
li $t0, 6
A constant you want
to the register
“Load Immediate”
operator
“Destination”
register
“Source”
parameter
Don’t
forget ‘,’
Register name to which a constant
will be placed
What are the
other 29 bits?
Register name should have ‘$’
MSB
LSB 1
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5. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
 la (load address)
= Load a constant (immediate) as a 32-bit memory address
Example
Memory address as a constant
(immediate)
(Using an immediate)
la $s0, FA00CD0012
“Load Address”
operator
“Destination”
register
“Source”
parameter
“la” just assigns a 32-bit
address value to a register
Memory
FA00CD0012
FA00CD0012
S0 register
“la” does NOT load the
contents of memory
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6. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
How “level” works?
Your *.asm file
Only data (structure)
or instructions are
counted
“label”
Memory
4C000000
# ################################
# Program Header
4C000000 H
4C000000 e
4C000001
.data l
4C000002 l
4C000003 o
4C000004
message1:
.asciiz
“Hello World!”
4C000005
<space>
message2:
.asciiz
“My name is …..” W
4C000006 o
4C000007
.text
.globl main
Constant “4C ”
will be loaded to t4 r
4C000008 l
4C000009
main: d
4C00000A !
4C00000B
la $t4, message1
Constant “4C000000D”
will be loaded to t1
4C00000C \0
4C00000D M
4C00000E y
la $t1, message2
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7. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
 la (load address)
= Load a constant (immediate) as a 32-bit memory address
Example
Memory address as a label
(Using a label)
la $s0, My_Address
“Load Address”
operator
“Destination”
register
“Source”
parameter
Memory
***.asm
Assembled +
Loaded
4C000000
My_Address:
Label
“My_Address”
XXXXXX
My_Address:
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8. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
 la (load address)
= Load a constant (immediate) as a 32-bit memory address
Example
Memory address as a label
(Using a label)
la $s0, My_Address
“Load Address”
operator
“Destination”
operand
“Source”
operand
“la” just assigns a 32-bit
address value to a register
Memory
“la” does NOT load the
contents of memory
0000CD0000
0000CD0000
S0 register
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9. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
 lb (load byte)
= Load a 8-bit data from memory to a MIPS bit register
(This instruction will NOT modify the top 24 bits )
Example
Four possible ways to specify
the target memory address
Memory
lb $t0, (FA00CD0012)
1-byte
Target
Address
lb $t0, MY_LABEL
lb $t0, ($t1)
lb $t0, 100 ($t1)
MSB
LSB
t0 register 
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10. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
 lb (load byte)
= Load a 8-bit data from memory to a MIPS bit register
(This instruction will NOT modify the top 24 bits )
Example
Memory
lb $t0, (FA00CD0012)
1-byte
lb $t0, MY_LABEL
Target
Address
lb $t0, ($t1)
lb $t0, 100 ($t1)
t0 register
MSB
LSB   1
Top 24 bits are preserved
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11. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
The target address
MUST be a multiple
of 4!
 lw (load word)
= Load a 32-bit data from memory to a MIPS bit register
lw $t0, FFFFFFE
Example
Memory
Illegal address!
lw $t0, (FA00CD0012)
1-byte
lw $t0, MY_LABEL
Target
Address
4 bytes
lw $t0, ($t1)
lw $t0, 100 ($t1)
MSB
LSB 
t0 register
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12. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
= FFFFFFFF
(for a 32-bit processor)
What’s the difference?
Can it be a
negative number?
NOT a memory
access
-(2(N-1))
(2(N-1)) -1
la $s0, FA00CD0012
li $t0, 6
lw $t0, (FA00CD0012)
lw $t0, FA00CD0012
2N -1
Memory
A memory
access
Is this an illegal
parameter (operand)?
Target
Address
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13. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
System Calls
Systems calls in SPIM is something like sub-routine calls in a high-level
programming language that perform useful tasks
Such as:
- Print a message (a character string) on the local monitor
- Print an integer on the local monitor
- Take a user input from the keyboard and store the key input in
a register
A list of SPIM system calls available
Figure A.17 (p. A-49)
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14. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Major system calls available in MIPS R3000 simulator
The system calls with the yellow background
Those we use in the first programming assignment
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15. ASCII character string
CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
System Call:  Print a message (a character string on the local monitor)
Procedure for SPIM system-call #4: “print a message”
Specify the type of
your message data
Declare the beginning
of the data section
System Call #4 =
“print a message”
.data
Create a label for your
character string
my_string:
.asciiz
“Hello World!”
Your message as an
ASCII character string
.text
.globl main
main:
li $v0, 4
System call
la $a0, my_string
syscall
Memory address
where your message
is stored
jr $31
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16. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
System Call:  Print a number (integer) on the local monitor
Nothing to be
prepared in .data
Procedure for SPIM system-call #1: “print a number”
System Call #1 =
“print a number”
.data
.text
.globl main
It’s “li”
(NOT “la”)
main:
li $v0, 1
li $a0, 9
syscall
jr $31
The number you want
to display as an immediate
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17. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
System Call:  Take a user input (as an integer) from the keyboard
.data
.text
.globl main
Nothing to be
prepared in .data
Procedure for SPIM system-call #5: “take a user input (integer)”
System Call #5 =
“Take user input”
main:
li $v0, 5
syscall
jr $31
The input value
goes to $v0 register
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18. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Conditional branches and jumps
Immediate address
Label
 Conditional branches
 Jump (= unconditional branch)
beq $t0, $t1, <destination address>
bne $t0, $t1, <destination address>
Compare $t0 and $t1 registers. If they hold the same value
jump to the instruction in the destination address.
Compare $t0 and $t1 registers. If they hold the different
value, jump to the instruction in the destination address.
j <destination address>
Always jump to the instruction in the destination address.
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19. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Examples for conditional branches
.text
.globl main
These instructions
will be executed
only if t0  t1!
jump is needed
to skip “if_equal”
main:
   
beq $t0, $t1, if_equal
This implements
if-then-else
structure
instruction A
These instructions
will be executed
only if t0 = t1!
   
j end_if_else
if_equal:
instruction B
   
end_if_else:
instruction C
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20. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Copying a register to another
Load instructions can not be used for data transfer between two registers
Move instructions must be used for register-to-register data transfer
Example
move $s0, $s1
“To”
“From”
Simple integer arithmetic
add $t0, $t1, $t2
(t0 = t1 + t2)
sub $t0, $t1, $t2
(t0 = t1 - t2)
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21. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
Helpful Resources
 The list of available registers (B-24)
 Conditional branch instructions (B-59 through B-63)
beq, bgez, blez, bne, ble, etc.
 The list of available system-calls (B-44)
 Sample programs for the major program-flow control (pp )
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22. CS 312 Computer Architecture & Organization
The target address
MUST be a multiple
of 2!
 lhw (load half-word)
= Load a 16-bit data from memory to a MIPS bit register
(This instruction will NOT modify the top 16 bits )
lw $t0, FFFFFFF
Example
Memory
Illegal address!
lhw $t0, (FA00CD0012)
lhw $t0, ($t1)
lhw $t0, 100 ($t1)
lhw $t0, MY_LABEL
1-byte
Target
Address
2 bytes
MSB
LSB 
t0 register
Top 16 bits are preserved
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