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History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945
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The Korean War and the Anticommunist Witch Hunts
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Prof. Fredrik Logevall Cornell University Wednesday, April 10, 4 pm McCune Conference Room (HSSB 6020) Embers of War The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam Extra Credit Opportunity!
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1949—US, Britain, France, Canada, Italy, and several other Western European nations formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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Truman and Marshall
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Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Chiang Kai-shek Three shocks of 1949-1950: Mao Tse-tung
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Shock #1: The “Loss” of China, 1949 Three shocks of 1949-1950:
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Secretary of State Dean Acheson
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Shock #2: Soviet detonation of atom bomb Three shocks of 1949-1950:
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NSC-68 spring 1950
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Shock #3: Korean War Three shocks of 1949-1950:
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Since 1945 Korea had been divided at 38th Parallel; Syngman Rhee (pro-US) in South, Kim Il Sung (pro-Soviet) in North
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Kim Il-sung Syngman Rhee
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Approached Mao Tse-tung Spring 1950—Kim Il-sung sought to reunify Korea under his control
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Approached Mao Tse-tung Spring 1950—Kim Il-sung sought to reunify Korea under his control... and Stalin
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June 1950—North Korean forces attacked across 38th Parallel
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Truman’s response:
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Got UN Security Council to pass resolution authorizing use of force Truman’s response:
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Got UN Security Council to pass resolution authorizing use of force Launched multi-nation military effort to repel North Korean attack Truman’s response:
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Got UN Security Council to pass resolution authorizing use of force Launched multi-nation military effort to repel North Korean attack Signed off on NSC-68 Truman’s response:
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Gen. Douglas MacArthur
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Summer/Fall 1950—US/UN forces gained initiative and pushed North Korean forces back above 38th Parallel, approaching Chinese border
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Summer/Fall 1950—MacArthur convinced Truman North Korean regime could and should be destroyed
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Fall 1950—Chinese forces crossed Yalu River, dealing disastrous defeat to US/UN forces
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Early 1951— US/UN forces pushed their way back up to 38th Parallel
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1951—Truman relieved MacArthur of command, sought truce in war
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Anti-Truman cartoon, 1951
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1952 Presidential Election Dwight D. Eisenhower
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1952 Presidential Election Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson
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Red Scare 1947—House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) investigated “Hollywood Ten”
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1947—Truman launched federal loyalty program Executive Order 9835
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Whittaker Chambers Alger Hiss 1948—HUAC targeted Alger Hiss
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Richard M. Nixon
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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Not the same! Douglas MacArthurJoseph McCarthy
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Early 1950—McCarthy accused Truman administration of harboring communists
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McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated
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McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated
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McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated ______________________________________________________ =205 Communists in State Department
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McCarthy Math: 285 State Department Employees Investigated — 79 Terminated ______________________________________________________ =205 Communists in State Department
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1950—Ethel and Julius Rosenberg accused of spying
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1953—Both Rosenbergs executed
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McCarthy and Eisenhower
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Marshall and Eisenhower
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1954—Army-McCarthy Hearings were televised, causing McCarthy to lose public support
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1954—Senate censured McCarthy, effectively ending his career
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