1. National and regional policies that limit the development and implementation of new, innovative technologies and further exacerbate the energy-water nexus. Jamie Pittock WWF Research Associate Fenner School of Environment & Society, ANU jamie.pittock@anu.edu.au 18 th March 2009

2. UNFCCC  Article 2, states that the “ ultimate objective of this Convention ” is to “ prevent dangerous ” climate change “ within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure food production is not threatened and enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. ”  Article 4.1(b), commits all Parties to “ Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change … and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change. ”  Article 4.1(f): All Parties shall “ Take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in their relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions...”

3. Choices in climate change responses Photos © J Pittock

4. Water footprint of energy technologies (Hoekstra 2008)  Fossil energy is in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 m 3 /GJ, a similar order of magnitude for wind and solar energy.  [Carbon capture and storage increases water consumption by 50 - 90% + (US DoE NETL)]  Hydropower and bio-energy are one to two orders of magnitude higher. Hydropower global average is 22 m3/GJ.  Bio-energy footprint depends on crop type, agricultural production system and climate. Average bio-energy grown in the US and Brazil is 60 m3/GJ.

5. Freshwater biodiversity and likely future hydropower From IUCN Water Resources eAtlas 33% 7% 22% 69% 75% 49% Percent of hydropower potential that has been developed (from International Hydropower Association) Slide source: TNC

6. Storage: Godavari River Map © WWF international Photo © WWF international Photos x 4 © J pittock

7. National strategies BrazilChinaIndiaEU Climate 2008 – mitigation focus 2007 - integrated In 2006 env policy + new 5 yr plan due 2007 mitigation policy & adaptation prop Energy 2006 – 2030 plan By sector – renewable 2007 2007 Energy Policy 2007 policy 20/20 by 2020 Water 1997 law & plan, 2006 hydro plan (In 5 yr plan)2002 Water Policy 2001 EU WFD CBD NBSAP – integrated? NBSAP – 1994 action plan 2006 env policyBiodiversity action plans 2001 Five year plan Yes, no integration? Yes, integratedYes, no integration 2005-2009 strategic objectives

8. Output of WWF’s 2007 Climate Solutions Model

9. Outputs: COST Exploratory Workshop, Brussels, January 2009 1.Questions for policy-makers and recommended action 2.Research gaps, research projects and evidence collection  Integrating climate-energy-water and related interactions into planning  Understanding energy and water use and managing demand  From ‘Peak Oil’ to ‘Peak Water’?  Biofuels and carbon off-sets: impact on water resources  Opportunities for de-coupling 3.Recommendations to address the skills deficit and encourage cross-learning

10. Conclusions & next steps 1.Significant conflicts between water, energy and climate sectors 2.Evidence of significant perverse outcomes, especially from national climate policies and international drivers 3.Integration across sectors and scales is critical, but how? 4.Best integration so far appears to require time, multi-sector fora, accountability, and high level leadership. What else? How to apply these elements more widely? Next steps:  Proposal for COST action in climate-energy-water links  Second COST Exploratory Workshop and publication  Establishment of an informal network hosted by the Australian National University More information: karen.hussey@anu.edu.au