1. ALTRUISTIC HELPING IN HUMAN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHIMPANZEES Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301-1303.

2. Schedule for presentation 1. Look at current study and videos 2. Share ideas/discussion 3. follow up studies 4. Share ideas/questions

3. Purpose of the study  If infants and chimpanzees provide help to people who are faced with a problem and who are not able to reach their goal? Helping Cognitively Motivationally - know something about the goal -costly and without benefit that the other person is trying to achieve, and obstacles  No studies up to date looked at humans and chimpanzees in the same light as this study  First of its kind to do this type of experiment Warneken and Tomasello, 2006

4. Method for Infants  Present 24, 18 month old infants with 10 different situations with adult male experimenter having trouble reaching a goal  Control condition: same situation presented but with no indication that there was a problem for the adult. For example, dropping the spoon on purpose in the box deliberately  4 categories: out- of -reach objects, access stopped by a physical obstacle, achieving a wrong result that could be corrected, and using a wrong means that could be corrected Warneken and Tomasello, 2006

5. Method for Chimpanzees  Same tasks given as the infant experiments with minor changes  3 young chimpanzees (closest relative of humans, Pantroglodytes)  Each performed the experimental and control conditions in two different session every second day  Tested by well known caregivers Warneken and Tomasello, 2006 Lets watch the experiments….

6. Clothespin: The adult accidentally drops a clothespin on the floor and unsuccessfully reaches for it.

7. Cabinet Task: The adult wants to put magazines into a cabinet, but the doors are closed so that he bumps into it.

8. Book Task: A book slips from a stack as the adult attempts to place it on top of the stack.

9. Flap Task: A spoon drops through a hole and the adult unsuccessfully tries to grasp it through the small hole, ignorant of a flap on the side of the box.

10. Lid Task (Alexandra): The experimenter accidentally drops a lid on the floor and reaches for it.

11. Mould Task (Alexandra): The experimenter is collecting objects, but some of them are out of her reach.

12. Sponge Task (Alexandra): The experimenter uses a sponge to clean the table, but accidentally drops it on the floor and unsuccessfullyreaches for it.

13. Lid Task (Annet): The experimenter accidentally drops a lid on the floor and reaches for it.

14. Results: infants  Infants helped experimenter more in the experimental condition compared to the control (6 out of 10)  22 out of the 24 infants helped in at least one of the tasks  They also did so immediately before the adult looked at them or verbalized his problem (average latency of 5.2 s) !  Helped without any rewards Warneken and Tomasello, 2006

15. Results: Warnaken and Tomasello, 2006

16. Results: Chimpanzees  Helped in the reaching tasks more often, with familiar caregiver  Helped without any benefits although they kept the objects in their hands for a longer duration than the infants (12.9 s avrg latency)  Did not help as much in tasks such as the physical obstacles, wrong results, or wrong means  Perhaps easier for chimpanzees to understand the goal with the reaching of the hand Warneken and Tomasello, 2006

17. Overall conclusions from study  Both infants and chimpanzees want to help, however how they interpret the other person’s need for help differs

18. What are your thoughts?  Is helping intrinsic rather than extrinsic?

19. Follow up studies… Warnaken and Tomasello, 2007  14-month-old infants helped with out-of-reach objects such as the clothespin task, however not in the other tasks  Found that more complex situations with complex goals harder for younger children Warneken, Hare, Melis, Hanus, and Tomasello, 2007  Made task harder for 18 month old infants  Had to overcome obstacle to help the experimenter  Lots of effort on behalf of toddlers, because they just started to walk  Even with these obstacles, helped the other person over a testing trial of 10 times!!! Warnaken and Tomasello, 2008  20 month olds were playing in one corner and the experimenter was in the opposite corner, the child left his/her toys to help the experimenter !!!!

20. Lets add in rewards!! Warneken et al., 2007  Varied the reward, no reward scenario for helping  Rewards did not increase the rate for helping  Children helped without the need for a reward  The “other’s unfulfilled goal, and not the immediate benefit for themselves” was what determined the helping (Warneken & Tomasello, 2006, p. 460)

21. Overjustification effect  Intrinsic reward can be impacted and weakened by extrinsic rewards Warneken and Tomasello, 2008  20-month-old were given extrinsic rewards (tangibles) early on in the experiment were less likely to engage in further helping behavior compared to those children who had not received any rewards

22. Lets make the theory a bit harder…  Researchers thought human raised chimpanzees had learned some of the helping tasks  Warneken et. al., 2007 sampled 36 chimpanzees from Uganda and found that like human infants, chimpanzees helped with out-of-reach objects without the need for rewards  Found that chimpanzees were motivated by the other person’s need for help rather than a reward for themselves..even when the task was effortful as well  As well found that chimpanzees also helped other unfamiliar, unrelated chimpanzees when they needed help with opening a gate to receive food

23. Questions, and thoughts?  Now are you convinced that humans and chimpanzees are born with the ability to help? Lets take a minute to share some ideas…

24. References Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301– 1303. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy,11(3), 271–294. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1785–1788. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology,100, 455-471. Warneken, F., Hare, B., Melis, A. P., Hanus, D., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. PLoS Biology, 5(7), 1414–1420.

25. References Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and chimpanzees. Science, 311 (5765),1301-1303 DOI: 10.1126/science.1121448. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2006/0 3/02/311.5765.1301.DC1 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2006/0 3/02/311.5765.1301.DC1