1. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Michiel Vromans, Rommert Dekker, Leo Kroon Erasmus University, NS Travelers Reliability of Railway Systems Simulation and heterogeneity

2. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Presentation Measuring Performance Planning Principles SSHR and SAHR Performance Indicators Practical Case Discussion and Conclusions Questions

3. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Measuring Performance Ex-post measurements: punctuality transfer punctuality average train delay average traveler delay canceled trains other: seating probability, traveler information,...

4. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Planning Principles Supplements and Buffers Frequencies Line Plan – Network Relations Heterogeneity Cyclic

5. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Cyclic

6. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Supplements and Buffers A B 0 t s → time Quantity and Distribution

7. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Frequencies

8. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Line Plan – Network Relations A B C F E D A C B E DF

9. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Heterogeneity Heterogeneous Homogeneous

10. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Heterogeneity 2- or 3-train system: local trains & ICs or local- & regional trains & ICs Cargo and High Speed Trains number of stops 2- or 4-tracks sidings (overtake possibilities) Dependencies

11. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Performance Indicators Ex-Ante measurements: platform utilization minimal cycle time headway times switch area utilization track utilization

12. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Headway times percentage smaller than X minutes SSHR sum of shortest headway reciprocals SAHR sum of arrival headway reciprocals smallest

13. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 15 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 21 9 9 0.27 0.32 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 27 3 3 0.74 SSHR and SAHR

14. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 SSHR and SAHR T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 21 9 9 9 9 0.44 0.32 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 27 3 3 3 3 1.33 0.74 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 15 0.27

15. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 SSHR and SAHR T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 15 27 3 3 15 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 21 9 9 9 9 0.44 0.320.74 0.80 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 15 3 3 0.27 0.80 27

16. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Practical Case: Rotterdam/Den Haag - Utrecht Gvc Rtd Ut MdaGdgGd ZtmZtm o Wd Vb Vtn CpsRta Nwk Rtn Gvc Rtd Ut MdaGdgGd ZtmZtm o Wd Vb Vtn CpsRtaNwk Rtn

17. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous

18. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Simulation results Practical case: Rotterdam / Den Haag - Utrecht 3’-dispunctuality decreases by 32–36% Secundairy delays decrease by 62–76% Larger differences in theoretical case av.delay -60%; dispunct. -50–75%; sec.delays -95% very heterogeneous starting situation by using only one kind of rolling stock, homogenization is easier Average delay decreases by ± 25%

19. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Delay reduction and SSHR Gd-Gvc Gvc-Gd Gd-Rtd Rtd-Gd Gd-UtUt-Gd

20. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Delay reduction and SAHR Gd-Gvc Gvc-Gd Gd-Rtd Rtd-Gd Gd-Ut Ut-Gd

21. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 Discussion Difficult to find an appropriate measure, because the timetable has many characteristics SSHR and SAHR applicable relatively, but not absolute Homogenization improves reliability

22. Erasmus Center for Optimization in Public Transport ECOPT – workshop February 19, 2004 go.to/ecopt