1. Fig. 16-CO, p. 447

2. Fig. 16-1, p. 449

3. Fig. 16-2, p. 450

4. Fig. 16-3, p. 451

5. Fig. 16-4, p. 451

6. Carrying capacity Environmental resistance J curve S curve Number of individuals Time

7. Fig. 16-5, p. 452

8. aRandombClumpedcUniform

9. Fig. 16-6a, p. 454

10. Fig. 16-6b, p. 455

11. Box 16-1, p. 456

12. Fig. 16-7, p. 457

13. Hundreds of hours of exposure in six months 0510152025303540 Zone 2.0 6.5 6.0 I 5.5 1.5 Standard mean high water, 5.0 ft 5.0 4.5 II 4.0 3.5 1.0 Standard mean sea level, 3.0 ft 3.0 2.5 2.0 III Intertidal height (m) 0.5 1.5 Intertidal height (ft) 1.0 0.5 0.0 Standard mean lower low water, 0.0: tidal datum 0.0 IV 0.5 a b

14. Fig. 16-8, p. 458

15. Fig. 16-9a, p. 458

16. Fig. 16-9b, p. 458

17. Fig. 16-9c, p. 458

18. Fig. 16-10, p. 459

19. Fig. 16-11, p. 459

20. Fig. 16-12a, p. 460

21. Fig. 16-12b, p. 461

22. Fig. 16-12c, p. 461

23. Fig. 16-13, p. 462

24. 0 0 Depth (m) Depth (ft) 700 2,300 18.43 hr 19.35 hr Sunset 18.38 hr a 0 0 7002,300 05.30 hr06.00 hr 06.30 hr Sunrise 05.59 hr b Depth (m) Depth (ft)

25. Fig. 16-14, p. 463

26. Fig. 16-15, p. 463

27. Fig. 16-16, p. 464

28. Fig. 16-17, p. 464

29. Fig. 16-18a, p. 465

30. Fig. 16-18b, p. 465

31. Fig. 16-18c, p. 465

32. Fig. 16-19, p. 465

33. Fig. 16-20, p. 466

34. Bottom current Chimney Precipitation FeO(OH) MnO 2 Precipitation CaSO 4 FeS Sedimentation H 2 S in water Basalt Precipitation FeS,FeS 2,CuFeS 2 350°C (660°F) Magma Seawater seepage

35. Bottom current Chimney Precipitation CaSO 4 FeS Seawater seepage Basalt 350ºC (660ºF) 350ºC (660ºF) Basalt Precipitation FeS, FeS 2, CuFeS 2 H 2 S in water Sedimentation Precipitation FeO(OH) MnO 2 Stepped Art Fig. 16-20, p. 466

36. Fig. 16-21a, p. 467

37. Fig. 16-21b, p. 467

38. Fig. 16-22, p. 468

39. Fig. 16-23, p. 469

40. Fig. 16-24, p. 470