2. RANGING & LANDING SYSTEMS

3. VHF Omnirange –VOR receiver principles The VHF Omni-directional Radio Range is the abbreviations for which are ‘VOR’ and ‘Omni’, enables a pilot to determine the direction of his aircraft from any position to or from a VOR beacon

4. range VOR is a Very High Frequency (VHF) navigation aid which operates, its ground to air range is limited to ‘line of sight’ reception which is typical of VHF transmission. The range achieved is dependent, therefore, on the siting of the VOR beacon with relation to surrounding terrain, and on the height at which the aircraft is flying

5. Operational principle

6. Airplane receiving equipment (1) an Omni bearing selector (OBS) sometimes referred to as the course selector, (2) a course deviation indicator needle (Left- Right Needle), and (3) a TO-FROM indicator

7. Instrument Landing System

8. What is ILS ????? ;>( An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.

9. Poor Visibility Landings

11. ILS Components Localizer – indicates alignment w/ runway Glide slope – indicates correct descent path Outer Marker – Final Approach Fix Middle Marker – Missed Approach Point

12. LOCALISER A localizer also called antenna array is normally located beyond the departure end of the runway and generally consists of several pairs of directional antennas.antennaarray

13. working

15. Glide slope

16. Outer/Middle Marker Beacons OM – Denotes beginning of final approach segment (Final Approach Fix). MM – Denotes Missed Approach Point (MAP) – Usually placed at decision height on glidepath. – “If you can’t see the runway yet, go around.” Represented by indicator lights with accompanying aural tone in cockpit.

17. Marker beacons