1. Technology and Industry In Post Civil War America

2. The First Industrial Revolution  Began in England during the 1700s when people stopped making things by hand and began using machines  The spinning jenny, steam engines, and the cotton gin are early examples of the technology used

3. Steam Power  Invented by the Scottish Mechanical engineer James Watts  Improved on design by other inventors  Key Power source of the Early Industrial Revolution  Replaced human, animal, wind and water power  Allowed industries to be built anywhere.

4. Civil War Industry  During the Civil War:  US Industrial capacity increased rapidly  Factories used new tools and methods to produce supplies  Lincoln approved the construction of a transcontinental railroad  Railroads begin to expand across the nation  Government encouraged immigration for labor and soldiers  Thousands of Irish and other western Europeans came to US

5. American Capitalism  Capitalism: system in which individuals own businesses and run for profit  Entrepreneur: individual who invests money in order to make a profit  Entrepreneurs fueled the industrialization of the late 19 th century  Laissez-faire: government policy allowing businesses to operate with minimal regulation

6. Industrial Innovation  The Second Industrial Revolution (1865-1914) was sparked by several inventions and discoveries  Bessemer Process, Steam Train, Oil, Electricity, and many more.

7. Major Inventions of the 1800s InventorInventionYear Samuel MorseTelegraph1844 Elias HoweSewing Machine1846 Elisha OtisSafety Elevator1852 William Kelly/ Henry Bessemer Bessemer Mill1859 Thomas EdisonLight bulb1880 Granville WoodsSteam Boiler1884

8. Steel  The Bessemer Process  Invented in 1859 by William Kelly (U.S.) and Henry Bessemer (G.B.)  Used hot air to remove impurities  Produced more steel in 1 day than previously produced in a week  Improved and adapted by William Holley – significantly increased production Why is this important?

9. Bessemer Advantages  Allowed development of Industrial cities  Pittsburgh, PA – Gary, IN – Cleveland, OH  Railroads replace iron rails  Last longer and easier to make  Steel used in construction  Lighter weight – can build taller buildings (Skyscrapers )  Resists rust and corrosion  Used in nails, wire, etc.

10. Steel Mills  Bessemer process allowed development of steel mills  Pittsburgh became production capital of U.S.  Brought jobs and prosperity  Pollution choked the city and covered it in soot  Rivers turned yellow

11. Oil  Petroleum used by Europeans to grease wagons & tools  Late 1850s process of refining crude to kerosene  Replaced whale oil for lamps and lighting

12. Oil Drilling  In 1859 Edwin Drake used a steam powered drill to search for oil under ground  Called Drake’s Folley (no one believed it would work)  After production topped 20 Barrels /day others tried  Similar to Gold Rush (Oil called “Black Gold”)  By 1880 25 million Barrels produced in PA alone

13. Oil Products  Kerosene, Waxes, Lubricants, Petroleum Jelly, Gasoline, Diesel, and many others.

14. Transportation  Railroads  Steam Ships  Horseless Carriages  Airplanes

15. Steam Trains and Railroads  The locomotive was invented by Richard Trevithick in 1804  Rapidly refined and became a viable transportation by 1830s.  As price of steel dropped railroads expanded faster  Steel use was faster and stronger than old iron rails  Steel cost 12 dollars a ton in 1873

16. Steam Trains  Locomotives rapidly improved  Early trains were slow and hard to stop  George Westinghouse invents airbrakes 1869  Allowed cars and locomotive to brake simultaneously  Standard track width (gauge) was adopted  No need to change trains for different tracks  Improves efficiency and speed of travel

17. Railroads expand. This led to the physical and economic growth of cities. Chicago, Atlanta, and Pittsburgh became important hubs.

18. Transcontinental Railroad  First completed in 1869 at Promontory Point, UT  Golden Spike driven by Leland Stanford  Connected the country by land  Allowed rapid transportation of people and goods The original "golden spike", on display at the Cantor Arts Museum

19. Steam Ships  First came into use in the 1800s  Began with sailing ships hybridized to paddle ships  Screw-Propeller adopted later on  Rapid cross ocean travel  First Atlantic crossing credited to the SS Savannah May 1819

20. Horseless Carriages  First developed using steam by French military officer Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot (inefficient and loud)  Gasoline fueled internal combustion engine built by Nicholas A. Otto in 1876  In 1893 Charles and J.Frank Duryea built the first “car”

21. Suspension Bridge  Uses steel cables to suspend a roadway over gaps  First suspension bridge in the U.S. was the Brooklyn Bridge that crossed the East River in NYC  At the time was longest bridge in the world

22. Airplanes  Invented in 1903 by Orville and Wilbur Wright  First successful flight at Kitty Hawk, NC 12/17/1903  Lasted only 12 seconds but proved it was possible

23. Communication

24.  Telegraph  Invented by Samuel Morse – 1 st message sent 1844  “What Hath God Wrought”  Telephone  Invented by Alexander Graham Bell  1 st demonstrated in 1876  By 1900 over 1 million in use  Required operators to connect lines  Job opportunity for women  Typewriter  Invented by Christopher Sholes 1867  Produced easily legible documents  Job opportunity for women

25. Electricity  First studied by the Greek Thales of Miletus in 600 B.C.E.  Renewed interest in the 1600s - little progress until 19 th century  Ben Franklin’s kite experiment in 1750s proved lightning was electrical energy  Early 1800s other scientists began to experiment leading to the development of communication, lighting and other devices

26. Westinghouse and Tesla

27. A.C. Electricity  Alternating Current (AC)developed by Tesla & Westinghouse  More efficient than D.C.  Could be transferred long distances and distributed  Allowed cities to be lighted by electricity  Made electric streetcars possible

28. Tesla’s other inventions  Tesla Coil  Radio  Remote control  Fluorescent light  X-rays

29. Thomas Edison  Opened invention business at Menlo Park NJ 1876  Used Direct Current (DC) for electrical inventions  Held over 1,000 patents when he died in 1931  Major inventions include:  Multi-message Telegraph  Electric Lightbulb  Phonograpn  Motion Picture Machine  Telegraphic Stock Ticker  First Electric Power Plant  Electric vote counter

30. Industrial Revolution Technology  The key to all of these inventions was Technology  Technology is advancing knowledge  Innovation drives technology  Scientific experimentation drives innovation  Machines replace human work through Technology