2. Biochemistry Review Biology is the study of living things. Organic or Biochemistry is the study of the chemical reactions in living things.

3. What is the smallest unit of matter? An Atom

4. Atoms- What area is positive and what area is negative? The nucleus is positive The surrounding electron orbitals are negative Where is the mass? In the nucleus

5. Atoms Atomic Number= # of p + Atomic Mass= p + + n 0 Charge= p + - e - First Energy Level= can hold.. 2 electrons Second Energy level can hold.. 8 Electrons

6. What is a molecule? Atoms bonded together with covalent bonds

7. How are ions and isotopes same/different? They are both atoms and the number of protons stays the same, BUT Ions have different charges (different number of electrons) Isotopes have different masses (different number of neutrons)

8. What makes a molecule polar? Uneven sharing of electrons gives the molecule partially negative areas and partially positive areas Give an example of a polar molecule. Water – H 2 0= Oxygen has a partial negative charge, hydrogen has a partial positive charge.

9. What is a compound? A substance made of two or more different elements. Could be bonded by ionic or covalent bonds

10. What is the most common element in living things? Carbon It is present in all four of the biomolecules Which biomolecule contains nitrogen? Protein

11. Let’s talk about bonds! What are the three types we have covered? Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen bonds

12. A Bond formed when molecules share electrons Covalent Bonds

13. A Bond between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules (one positive one negative) Ionic bonds

14. An intermolecular force between polar molecules A Hydrogen Bond

15. What is the relative strength of these bonds? Covalent/ Ionic >>>>>>>Hydrogen Bonds

16. pH scale 1-14 What does it measure? The acidity or basicity of a solution 7 is neutral Acids are … Below 7 Bases are … Above 7

17. Four Categories of Biomolecules Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids These are very large molecules so we call them Macromolecules!

18. Carbohydrates- What do we know? Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 Monomers are: saccharides-simple sugars Polymers are: polysaccharides- starches

19. Lipids Monomers are glycerol and fatty acids Polymers are Trigycerides- a glycerol with three fatty acid chains Lipids can be fats or oils, They are nonpolar- don’t mix with water Saturated fats are solid (butter, lard) Unsaturated are oils (olive, vegetable)

20. Proteins Monomer is an amino acid (20 types), each amino acid has an R group on its central carbon. Polymers are polypeptides, two or more amino acids bonded together

21. What is the process that builds polymers from monomers? Dehydration Synthesis (synthesize is to make) Remember this process gives off a molecule of …… H 2 0

22. Breaking down polymers into monomers is called Hydrolysis- “Lysis” is to break What molecule is needed for this to happen? H 2 0 must be present and breaks into its parts to replace the H’s and O

23. In our lab, we tested for different biomolecules: Iodine- What does it test for and what’s a positive reaction? Iodine tests for starch- If starch is present it turns.. Blue-Black

24. What tests for simple sugars (Glucose)? Benedicts plus heat (it starts out blue) Positive reaction is a change to green, yellow or red depending on how much glucose is present

25. What does Biuret test for? Proteins What color change do you see if protein is present? It changes from blue to a purple-lavender to violet.

26. How did we check for Lipids? Paper towel test Translucent (can see through it) when lipids were present.

27. This is the end. Best of Luck!