2. DiversityEvolutionEvolusityGenetics The dumpster 10 20 30 40 50

3. Question 1 - 10 All life on Earth are divided into these 3 domains and 5 kingdoms

4. Answer 1 – 10 Domains: archaea, bacteria, eukarya Kingdoms: plantae, fungi, Animalia, protista

5. Question 1 - 20 What are bacterial cell walls made of?

6. Answer 1 – 20 Peptidoglycan

7. Question 1 - 30 Describe 4 out of the 8 criteria shared by all living things

8. Answer 1 – 30 Reproduction Cells Heredity Obtain and use energy Adapt to the environment through evolution Maintain homeostasis Interact with the environment Grow and develop

9. Question 1 - 40 Describe two different ways bacteria can be used to benefit humans

10. Answer 1 – 40 Making food Cleaning the environment Producing drugs

11. Question 1 - 50 Describe what “externalizing the costs of production” means, and name 2 ways this occurs

12. Answer 1 – 50 Consumers do not pay the full cost of making the product Along the way, the environment, workers and employees are harmed

13. Question 2 - 10 What are 3 ways that animals can be successful in nature?

14. Answer 2 – 10 Adapting to unique environment Avoiding predators Gathering resources

15. Question 2 - 20 The germ theory of disease says that many diseases are caused by microorganisms. Explain why this fits the three criteria of scientific theories

16. Answer 2 – 20 It is explanatory: it explains why people get sick It is falsifiable: if you deliberately doused many people in viruses and bacteria, and they don’t get sick It is predictive: if you isolate sick people, they will not infect others

17. Question 2 - 30 Describe the differences between natural selection and genetic drift

18. Answer 2 – 30 Natural selection: both random and non- random Genetic drift: random

19. Question 2 - 40 What are the differences between analogous and homologous features? Give an example of each

20. Answer 2 – 40 Analogous features: same uses, but evolved differently, and have different structures Homologous features: may be different uses, but inherited from the same common ancestor

21. Question 2 - 50 Explain why the fossil record suggests that organisms evolved over long periods of time

22. Answer 2 – 50 The fossil record shows simple organisms in the oldest layers, and complex organisms in newest layers Organisms in every layer resemble those contained in earlier layer

23. Question 3 - 10 Eve thinks that viruses are alive, but Emilie thinks viruses are not alive. Explain why they may both be right.

24. Answer 3 – 10 Not alive: no cell, cannot reproduce without attacking other cells Alive: can pass down traits, can evolve, can interact with environment, can use energy, has genes

25. Question 3 - 20 Explain how this organism could have evolved

26. Answer 3 – 20

27. Question 3 - 30 What does genetic drift tend to do to a population? Explain whether it is harmful or beneficial.

28. Answer 3 – 30 Lower genetic diversity Harmful, because there is higher chance of inbred genetic problems, as well as less diverse adaptations

29. Question 3 - 40 Describe what antibiotic resistance is, and how it demonstrates evolution

30. Answer 3 – 40 Bacteria start with random mutations that make them more or less resistant to antibiotics not using antibiotics correctly leads to only the weak bacteria being killed, allowing the strong to survive and pass on their genes This is an example of natural selection

31. Question 3 - 50 How do scientists think eukaryotic organisms and complex organelles such as mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic organisms?

32. Answer 3 – 50 A bigger prokaryotic organism ate a smaller prokaryotic organism. The smaller organism survived inside the big organism and lived symbiotically with it.

33. Question 4 - 10 What are alleles?

34. Answer 4 – 10 Variations of genes

35. Question 4 - 20 Name and describe 3 different ways DNA can be organized

36. Answer 4 – 20 DNA double strand Genes Chromosomes

37. Question 4 - 30 Describe 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis

38. Answer 4 – 30 Tetrads form in meiosis Meiosis occurs to form sex cells Meiosis has 2 divisions Meiosis produces haploid cells

39. Question 4 - 40 In order to create a karyotype, you have to be able to take clear pictures of every chromosome in a cell. When would be the best time to take these pictures during the cell cycle?

40. Answer 4 – 40 Metaphase – chromosomes are all lined up in the middle, and are condensed

41. Question 4 - 50 Explain how two dark-skinned parents can have children with light skin.

42. Answer 4 – 50 Skin colour is polygenic The dark-skinned parents inherited recessive alleles for light-skin from their parents, and passed those alleles down to their children.

43. Question 5 - 10 What is the basic driver of evolution?

44. Answer 5 – 10 Mutations

45. Question 5 - 20 List the 5 stages of the lytic cycle

46. Answer 5 – 20 Attachment Insertion Replication Assembly Lysis

47. Question 5 - 30 Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance

48. Answer 5 – 30 Incomplete dominance: heterozygous individuals will have a blend of the two traits Co-dominance: heterozygous individuals will show both traits

49. Question 5 - 40 SpongeBob is heterozygous for his square shape, but SpongeSusie is round. What proportion of their children would have a square shape?

50. Answer 5 – 40 75%

51. Question 5 - 50 What is sickle cell anemia and why is it found more in Africa?

52. Answer 5 – 50 Recessive disorder that alters the shape of red blood cells People who are carriers of the sickle cell allele are more resistant to malaria, which is more common in Africa.