2. Synchrotron Radiation Presented ByCourse Incharge Muhammad Azhar Ishfaque Ahmed Prof. Dr. Saqib Anjum

4. Synchrotron Radiation Contents Introduction Historical Background World Wide Synchrotron Facilities Synchrotron Design & its Essential Components Functions of Essential Components Detection of Synchrotron Radiation Properties of Synchrotron Radiation Advantages of Synchrotron Radiation Applications Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

5. Synchrotron Radiation Introduction Synchrotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charge particles travel in curved path. In Synchrotron the charge particle moves with constant relativistic speed on a circular arc. The relativistic speed domain make it different from Cyclotron. Ordinary Synchrotron radiation Bending-Magnet Radiation SR Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

6. Synchrotron Radiation Introduction (Cont.…) A synchrotron produces light by using radio frequency waves and powerful electro-magnets to accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light. Energy is added to the electrons as they accelerate so that, when the magnets alter their course, they naturally emit a very brilliant, highly focused light. Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

7. Synchrotron Radiation Historical Background Synchrotron radiation was named after its discovery in a General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946 and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder. Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

8. Synchrotron Radiation World Wide Synchrotron Facilities Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

9. Synchrotron Radiation Synchrotron Design & its Essential Components Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

10. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 1.MICROTRON An electron gun inside a microtron generates electrons. Radio waves then accelerate the electrons to an energy level of 22MeV.

11. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components (Cont.…) Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 2. BOOSTER RING The electrons enter a booster ring where magnets force them to travel in a circular path and radio waves accelerates electrons to 800 MeV.

12. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components (Cont.…) Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 3. STORAGE RING The electron beam travels to a storage ring where it races around fo5r hours, reaching 2.5 GeV.

13. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components (Cont.…) Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 3A. BENDING MAGNETS Bending magnets adjust the path of the electron beam to keep it inside the storage ring.

14. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components (Cont.…) Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 3B. WIGGLERS/UNDULATORS Magnets called wigglers and undulators force to emit a concentrated beam of light.

15. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components (Cont.…) Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 3C. RADIO-FREQUENCY CAVITIES Radio-frequency cavities add energy to the circulating electrons to replace the energy that was lost as light.

16. Synchrotron Radiation Functions of Essential Components (Cont.…) Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed 4. BEAM LINE/ EXPERIMENTAL STATION The light travel down a beam line, which sends the beam to an experimental station, where optics focus or filter the light to allow scientist to investigate their samples.

17. Synchrotron Radiation Detection of Synchrotron Radiation The synchrotron radiation detected at Experimental Stations Each Experimental Station has 3-Areas Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

18. Synchrotron Radiation Detection of Synchrotron Radiation (Cont...) Optics Hutch=> As X-ray beam pass through the optics hutch it is focused & filtered Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed Experimental Hutch=> In this hutch rays strike the mounted sample. This interaction gives the detailed structure Control Cabin=> In control cabin the scientists control the experiment, monitor and analyse the data.

19. Synchrotron Radiation Properties of Synchrotron Radiation High Intensity Continuous Spectrum Excellent Collimation (Brilliance) Low Emittance Pulsed-Time Structured Polarization Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

20. Synchrotron Radiation Advantages of Synchrotron Radiation An Example. The intensity of synchrotron X-rays is more than a million times higher that of X-rays from a conventional X-ray tube. Experiments that took a month to complete can now be done in only a few minutes. With synchrotron radiation, molecular structures that once baffled researchers can now be analyzed precisely, and this progress has opened up many new research fields over the last few years. Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

21. Synchrotron Radiation Applications Life sciences: protein and large-molecule crystallography LIGA based microfabrication Drug discovery and research X-ray lithography Analyzing chemicals to determine their composition Observing the reaction of living cells to drugs Inorganic material crystallography and microanalysis Fluorescence studies Semiconductor material analysis and structural studies Geological material analysis Medical imaging Particle therapy to treat some forms of cancer Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

22. Synchrotron Radiation References Albert Hofmann, “The Physics of Synchrotron Radiation” Cambridge University Press, 2004 Herman Winick, “Synchrotron Radiation Sources: A Primer”, World Scientific Publishing, 1995 C. Kunz, “Synchrotron Radiation: Techniques and Applications”, Springer Science & Business Media, 1979 Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed

23. Synchrotron Radiation Muhammad Azhar NEDUET Ishfaque Ahmed